A systematic review of physical therapy rehabilitation for stroke survivors in Arab countries and Saudi Arabia: current approaches and future challenges.

Objectives: To systematically review physical therapy interventions for stroke survivors in Arab countries and summarize the clinical and demographic characteristics, types and intensities of interventions, outcomes assessed, and adverse events.

Methods: We conducted a systematic search of Google Scholar, ISI web of science, Scopus, Medline/PubMed, and ProQuest databasesfrom inception to 2025. Studies were eligible if they evaluated physical therapy interventions for stroke rehabilitation in Arab countries and reported clinical outcomes. We included randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies. Study selection followed PRISMA guidelines.

Results: Five studies met the inclusion criteria. Interventions included neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT), constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT), and robotic-assisted therapy. NMES improved gait and lower limb function; CIMT and robotic-assisted therapy enhanced upper limb motor recovery; rESWT reduced spasticity and increased grip strength. Variability in methodologies, short durations, and limited accessibility were common limitations.

Conclusion: Although physical therapy interventions show beneficial outcomes for stroke rehabilitation in Arab countries, the evidence base is limited due to the small number of reported studies. There is a clear need for more high-quality research, including multicenter and longitudinal studies, to establish standardized, accessible, and culturally relevant rehabilitation practices across the region.PROSPERO No.: CRD420251007974.