Magnesium-based thermoelectric materials and modules for low-temperature applications (below 300°C).

Thermoelectric technology has emerged as a promising solution for direct heat-to-electricity conversion and solid-state cooling, offering great energy efficiency and environmental impact advantages. However, conventional systems predominantly rely on tellurium-based materials, which are limited by scarcity, high cost, and environmental concerns. This article focuses on tellurium-free thermoelectric modules, with an emphasis on magnesium-based alternatives, including p-type MgAgSb and n-type Mg₃(Sb, Bi)₂, which demonstrate competitive performance at operating temperatures below 300℃. By exploring recent advances in material synthesis, module fabrication, and interface engineering, we highlight the potential of these sustainable materials to achieve high thermoelectric figures of merit while reducing environmental impact. Additionally, the article assesses the performance metrics and durability of these modules and discusses emerging applications in energy harvesting, medical devices, consumer electronics, and more. Finally, we outline future research directions aimed at overcoming remaining challenges, including long-term stability and scalable manufacturing, to pave the way for the widespread adoption of tellurium-free thermoelectric technology.

Graphical abstract: Potential application scenarios of Mg-based Te-free thermoelectric technology.