Advances in cancer therapy using fluorinated chitosan: a promising nanoplatform for drug delivery.

Chitosan, a naturally derived polysaccharide, has gained considerable attention as a biomaterial for drug delivery due to its excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mucoadhesive properties. However, its limited solubility and compatibility with hydrophobic drugs restrict broader applications. Recent advances in the chemical modification of chitosan specifically through fluorination have significantly improved its performance in nanomedicine. Fluorinated chitosan (FCS) exhibits enhanced hydrophobicity, chemical and thermal stability, and improved drug encapsulation efficiency, making it highly effective for cancer therapy. This review comprehensively examines the synthesis techniques of FCS nanoparticles, such as grafting, ionic gelation, and microemulsion, and evaluates how these influence particle size, stability, and drug loading. The multifunctional role of FCS in targeted cancer drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, and gene editing is critically analyzed, supported by in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrating improved tumor accumulation, cellular uptake, and immune modulation. Despite its promise, FCS presents challenges such as toxicity concerns and regulatory complexities, which must be addressed for clinical translation. Future prospects include developing stimuli-responsive systems and expanding FCS applications beyond oncology. Overall, FCS represents a transformative platform in nanotechnology, offering new avenues for precision drug delivery and personalized cancer treatment.