{"title":"在4周的季前训练后,业余足球运动员的血液、生化和表现适应。","authors":"Panagiotis Georgiadis, Pierros Thomakos, Ilias Smilios, Angeliki Papapanagiotou, Anastasia Evaggelatou, Gregory C Bogdanis","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10030314","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: We examined changes in hematological, biochemical, and hormonal biomarkers, along with endurance and explosive performance indices, in amateur soccer players over a 4-week preseason period. <b>Methods</b>: Thirteen players (age: 19.7 ± 2.0 years; body mass: 73.0 ± 6.8 kg; height: 180 ± 0.1 cm; body fat: 8.6 ± 3.5%) were monitored during a 4-week preseason program, which included 21 training days, three friendly matches, and four days of rest. Before and after this period, endurance capacity was evaluated using the Yo-Yo IR1 test, and leg power was assessed using the CMJ. Blood samples were collected for three consecutive days in week 1 and after week 4 to assess hematological and biochemical parameters. Internal load during all weeks was assessed with session RPE (sRPE). <b>Results</b>: There was a 25.5% increase in Yo-Yo IR1 distance (2123 ± 413 vs. 1560 ± 356 m, <i>p</i> = 0.002), with the estimated VO<sub>2</sub>max and the speed associated with VO<sub>2</sub>max (vVO<sub>2</sub>max) improving by 8.7% (49.5 ± 3.0 to 54.2 ± 3.5 mL/kg/min, <i>p</i> = 0.002) and 5.3% (16.0 ± 0.7 to 16.9 ± 0.6 km/h, <i>p</i> = 0.002), respectively. In contrast, CMJ performance in weeks 2-4 declined by 13.4-21.0% relative to baseline, while sRPE peaked during week 3 (4011 ± 440 AU). Hematological variables were mostly stable except for small increases in MCV and MCH (1.5-1.8%, <i>p</i> < 0.001), while there were significant reductions in urea (12%), uric acid (6.2%), and erythropoietin (33%). <b>Conclusions</b>: A 4-week preseason program substantially improved aerobic capacity yet compromised leg power. Changes in biomarker profiles suggest that the training load maintained an appropriate balance between overload and recovery. These findings provide valuable guidance for coaches seeking to optimize training protocols while minimizing the risk of overtraining and preventing injuries during the competitive season.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12372030/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Hematological, Biochemical, and Performance Adaptations in Amateur Soccer Players Following a 4-Week Preseason Training Period.\",\"authors\":\"Panagiotis Georgiadis, Pierros Thomakos, Ilias Smilios, Angeliki Papapanagiotou, Anastasia Evaggelatou, Gregory C Bogdanis\",\"doi\":\"10.3390/jfmk10030314\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><p><b>Background</b>: We examined changes in hematological, biochemical, and hormonal biomarkers, along with endurance and explosive performance indices, in amateur soccer players over a 4-week preseason period. <b>Methods</b>: Thirteen players (age: 19.7 ± 2.0 years; body mass: 73.0 ± 6.8 kg; height: 180 ± 0.1 cm; body fat: 8.6 ± 3.5%) were monitored during a 4-week preseason program, which included 21 training days, three friendly matches, and four days of rest. Before and after this period, endurance capacity was evaluated using the Yo-Yo IR1 test, and leg power was assessed using the CMJ. Blood samples were collected for three consecutive days in week 1 and after week 4 to assess hematological and biochemical parameters. Internal load during all weeks was assessed with session RPE (sRPE). <b>Results</b>: There was a 25.5% increase in Yo-Yo IR1 distance (2123 ± 413 vs. 1560 ± 356 m, <i>p</i> = 0.002), with the estimated VO<sub>2</sub>max and the speed associated with VO<sub>2</sub>max (vVO<sub>2</sub>max) improving by 8.7% (49.5 ± 3.0 to 54.2 ± 3.5 mL/kg/min, <i>p</i> = 0.002) and 5.3% (16.0 ± 0.7 to 16.9 ± 0.6 km/h, <i>p</i> = 0.002), respectively. In contrast, CMJ performance in weeks 2-4 declined by 13.4-21.0% relative to baseline, while sRPE peaked during week 3 (4011 ± 440 AU). Hematological variables were mostly stable except for small increases in MCV and MCH (1.5-1.8%, <i>p</i> < 0.001), while there were significant reductions in urea (12%), uric acid (6.2%), and erythropoietin (33%). <b>Conclusions</b>: A 4-week preseason program substantially improved aerobic capacity yet compromised leg power. Changes in biomarker profiles suggest that the training load maintained an appropriate balance between overload and recovery. These findings provide valuable guidance for coaches seeking to optimize training protocols while minimizing the risk of overtraining and preventing injuries during the competitive season.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":16052,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology\",\"volume\":\"10 3\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.5000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-08-14\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12372030/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030314\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"SPORT SCIENCES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030314","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"SPORT SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
背景:我们在4周的季前赛期间检测了业余足球运动员的血液学、生化和激素生物标志物的变化,以及耐力和爆炸性能指标。方法:对年龄19.7±2.0岁、体重73.0±6.8 kg、身高180±0.1 cm、体脂8.6±3.5%的13名球员进行为期4周的季前赛监测,包括21天的训练、3场友谊赛和4天的休息。在此之前和之后,使用Yo-Yo IR1测试评估耐力能力,使用CMJ评估腿部力量。在第1周和第4周后连续3天采集血样,评估血液学和生化参数。用会话RPE (sRPE)评估所有周的内部负荷。结果:Yo-Yo IR1距离增加25.5%(2123±413比1560±356 m, p = 0.002),估计VO2max和与VO2max相关的速度(vVO2max)分别提高8.7%(49.5±3.0 ~ 54.2±3.5 mL/kg/min, p = 0.002)和5.3%(16.0±0.7 ~ 16.9±0.6 km/h, p = 0.002)。相比之下,CMJ在第2-4周的表现相对于基线下降了13.4-21.0%,而sRPE在第3周达到峰值(4011±440 AU)。血液学指标除MCV和MCH小幅升高(1.5-1.8%,p < 0.001)外,大部分稳定,而尿素(12%)、尿酸(6.2%)和促红细胞生成素(33%)显著降低。结论:为期4周的季前赛训练显著提高了有氧能力,但削弱了腿部力量。生物标志物的变化表明,训练负荷在超负荷和恢复之间保持了适当的平衡。这些发现为寻求优化训练方案的教练提供了有价值的指导,同时将过度训练的风险降到最低,并在竞争季节防止受伤。
Hematological, Biochemical, and Performance Adaptations in Amateur Soccer Players Following a 4-Week Preseason Training Period.
Background: We examined changes in hematological, biochemical, and hormonal biomarkers, along with endurance and explosive performance indices, in amateur soccer players over a 4-week preseason period. Methods: Thirteen players (age: 19.7 ± 2.0 years; body mass: 73.0 ± 6.8 kg; height: 180 ± 0.1 cm; body fat: 8.6 ± 3.5%) were monitored during a 4-week preseason program, which included 21 training days, three friendly matches, and four days of rest. Before and after this period, endurance capacity was evaluated using the Yo-Yo IR1 test, and leg power was assessed using the CMJ. Blood samples were collected for three consecutive days in week 1 and after week 4 to assess hematological and biochemical parameters. Internal load during all weeks was assessed with session RPE (sRPE). Results: There was a 25.5% increase in Yo-Yo IR1 distance (2123 ± 413 vs. 1560 ± 356 m, p = 0.002), with the estimated VO2max and the speed associated with VO2max (vVO2max) improving by 8.7% (49.5 ± 3.0 to 54.2 ± 3.5 mL/kg/min, p = 0.002) and 5.3% (16.0 ± 0.7 to 16.9 ± 0.6 km/h, p = 0.002), respectively. In contrast, CMJ performance in weeks 2-4 declined by 13.4-21.0% relative to baseline, while sRPE peaked during week 3 (4011 ± 440 AU). Hematological variables were mostly stable except for small increases in MCV and MCH (1.5-1.8%, p < 0.001), while there were significant reductions in urea (12%), uric acid (6.2%), and erythropoietin (33%). Conclusions: A 4-week preseason program substantially improved aerobic capacity yet compromised leg power. Changes in biomarker profiles suggest that the training load maintained an appropriate balance between overload and recovery. These findings provide valuable guidance for coaches seeking to optimize training protocols while minimizing the risk of overtraining and preventing injuries during the competitive season.