REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OF WOMEN IN PENITENTIARY INSTITUTIONS: A CASE STUDY IN KAZAKHSTAN.

Background: The global increase in female incarceration has raised concerns about the adequacy of prison healthcare, particularly reproductive health services. In Kazakhstan, prisons were designed for men and fail to address women's distinct needs. This study explores reproductive health issues among incarcerated women, focusing on healthcare access, psychological well-being, and risky behaviours.

Methods: A mixed-methods study was conducted in six correctional facility in Kazakhstan. Quantitative data from 300 women were collected using medical records and structured surveys. Qualitative insights were gathered through focus groups. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and correlation analysis to explore links between healthcare access, substance use, and health outcomes.

Results: 59% of participants reported satisfactory health; 46% encountered obstacles accessing care. STIs were present in 40% of inmates, and 18% had HIV. A moderate negative correlation was found between drug use and health status (r = -0.31). Access to reproductive health education showed a weak positive association with health outcomes. Incarcerated women in Kazakhstan face significant reproductive health disparities, including high rates of STIs (40%), HIV (18%), and depression (68%). Substance use correlated with poorer health, while access to reproductive health education showed tentative associations with better outcomes. Systemic reforms are urgently needed to address healthcare access, hygiene, and mental health support.

Conclusion: Incarcerated women in Kazakhstan face serious reproductive health challenges, including limited care access, high rates of infection, and mental health burdens. Urgent reforms are needed to improve medical services, hygiene, and reproductive education in prisons. Addressing these issues is critical for safeguarding human rights and improving public health outcomes.