Johanna Lilian Klinge, Petra Warschburger, Annette Maria Klein
{"title":"儿童期内化症状轨迹的青春期晚期结局:抑郁和焦虑症状以及认知、情绪和行为相关自我调节方面的8年随访","authors":"Johanna Lilian Klinge, Petra Warschburger, Annette Maria Klein","doi":"10.1186/s13034-025-00958-6","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Internalizing symptoms are highly prevalent in childhood and adolescence. Several studies have demonstrated heterogeneity in symptom trajectories and examined their predictors. However, little is known about their outcomes in late adolescence. Building on a previous study that identified a stable low, an increasing and an (early high) decreasing trajectory of internalizing symptoms in childhood, this follow-up study examines their outcomes, including mental health-related measures and self-regulation facets.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Trajectories of internalizing symptoms were identified using parent reports at three measurement points in a community sample of N = 1453 children aged 6-13 years, based on the Emotional Problems Scale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. At the 8-year follow-up, n = 556 adolescents aged 16-21 years participated, providing self-reports on mental health-related measures and self-regulation facets (emotional reactivity, emotion regulation, planning behavior, risk taking, impulsiveness, delay discounting). Additionally, three self-regulation facets (working memory updating, inhibition, risk taking) were assessed behaviorally.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Adolescents in the increasing trajectory reported significantly greater internalizing symptoms, more specific anxiety symptoms, greater distress and social impairment, and more impaired personality functioning than those in the stable low trajectory, and more specific depressive symptoms than those in the stable low and decreasing trajectories. Regarding SR facets, they reported lower planning behavior and less use of the emotion regulation strategies reappraisal and positive reappraisal than those in the stable low trajectory, and greater use of the emotion regulation strategy catastrophizing than those in the stable low and decreasing trajectories.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Children with increasing internalizing symptoms in childhood present internalizing symptoms and self-regulation deficits in late adolescence that can hinder further development. In contrast, the differences observed in childhood between the decreasing and the stable low trajectories are no longer detectable. Promoting self-regulation could be a promising prevention and intervention target. Future research should investigate protective factors contributing to symptom remission.</p>","PeriodicalId":9934,"journal":{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health","volume":"19 1","pages":"101"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12400697/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Late adolescent outcomes of childhood trajectories of internalizing symptoms: an 8-year follow-up of depressive and anxiety symptoms and cognitive, emotion- and behavior-related self-regulation facets.\",\"authors\":\"Johanna Lilian Klinge, Petra Warschburger, Annette Maria Klein\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s13034-025-00958-6\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Internalizing symptoms are highly prevalent in childhood and adolescence. Several studies have demonstrated heterogeneity in symptom trajectories and examined their predictors. However, little is known about their outcomes in late adolescence. Building on a previous study that identified a stable low, an increasing and an (early high) decreasing trajectory of internalizing symptoms in childhood, this follow-up study examines their outcomes, including mental health-related measures and self-regulation facets.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Trajectories of internalizing symptoms were identified using parent reports at three measurement points in a community sample of N = 1453 children aged 6-13 years, based on the Emotional Problems Scale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. At the 8-year follow-up, n = 556 adolescents aged 16-21 years participated, providing self-reports on mental health-related measures and self-regulation facets (emotional reactivity, emotion regulation, planning behavior, risk taking, impulsiveness, delay discounting). Additionally, three self-regulation facets (working memory updating, inhibition, risk taking) were assessed behaviorally.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Adolescents in the increasing trajectory reported significantly greater internalizing symptoms, more specific anxiety symptoms, greater distress and social impairment, and more impaired personality functioning than those in the stable low trajectory, and more specific depressive symptoms than those in the stable low and decreasing trajectories. Regarding SR facets, they reported lower planning behavior and less use of the emotion regulation strategies reappraisal and positive reappraisal than those in the stable low trajectory, and greater use of the emotion regulation strategy catastrophizing than those in the stable low and decreasing trajectories.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Children with increasing internalizing symptoms in childhood present internalizing symptoms and self-regulation deficits in late adolescence that can hinder further development. In contrast, the differences observed in childhood between the decreasing and the stable low trajectories are no longer detectable. Promoting self-regulation could be a promising prevention and intervention target. Future research should investigate protective factors contributing to symptom remission.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":9934,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health\",\"volume\":\"19 1\",\"pages\":\"101\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":4.6000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-08-31\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12400697/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-025-00958-6\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"PEDIATRICS\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-025-00958-6","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"PEDIATRICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
Late adolescent outcomes of childhood trajectories of internalizing symptoms: an 8-year follow-up of depressive and anxiety symptoms and cognitive, emotion- and behavior-related self-regulation facets.
Background: Internalizing symptoms are highly prevalent in childhood and adolescence. Several studies have demonstrated heterogeneity in symptom trajectories and examined their predictors. However, little is known about their outcomes in late adolescence. Building on a previous study that identified a stable low, an increasing and an (early high) decreasing trajectory of internalizing symptoms in childhood, this follow-up study examines their outcomes, including mental health-related measures and self-regulation facets.
Methods: Trajectories of internalizing symptoms were identified using parent reports at three measurement points in a community sample of N = 1453 children aged 6-13 years, based on the Emotional Problems Scale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. At the 8-year follow-up, n = 556 adolescents aged 16-21 years participated, providing self-reports on mental health-related measures and self-regulation facets (emotional reactivity, emotion regulation, planning behavior, risk taking, impulsiveness, delay discounting). Additionally, three self-regulation facets (working memory updating, inhibition, risk taking) were assessed behaviorally.
Results: Adolescents in the increasing trajectory reported significantly greater internalizing symptoms, more specific anxiety symptoms, greater distress and social impairment, and more impaired personality functioning than those in the stable low trajectory, and more specific depressive symptoms than those in the stable low and decreasing trajectories. Regarding SR facets, they reported lower planning behavior and less use of the emotion regulation strategies reappraisal and positive reappraisal than those in the stable low trajectory, and greater use of the emotion regulation strategy catastrophizing than those in the stable low and decreasing trajectories.
Conclusions: Children with increasing internalizing symptoms in childhood present internalizing symptoms and self-regulation deficits in late adolescence that can hinder further development. In contrast, the differences observed in childhood between the decreasing and the stable low trajectories are no longer detectable. Promoting self-regulation could be a promising prevention and intervention target. Future research should investigate protective factors contributing to symptom remission.
期刊介绍:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, the official journal of the International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions, is an open access, online journal that provides an international platform for rapid and comprehensive scientific communication on child and adolescent mental health across different cultural backgrounds. CAPMH serves as a scientifically rigorous and broadly open forum for both interdisciplinary and cross-cultural exchange of research information, involving psychiatrists, paediatricians, psychologists, neuroscientists, and allied disciplines. The journal focusses on improving the knowledge base for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of mental health conditions in children and adolescents, and aims to integrate basic science, clinical research and the practical implementation of research findings. In addition, aspects which are still underrepresented in the traditional journals such as neurobiology and neuropsychology of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence are considered.