Bruno Basil, Jamila Aminu Mohammed, Izuchukwu Nnachi Mba, Isiaku Mary Nkemakolam, Blessing Kenechi Myke-Mbata
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The 10-year estimated CVD risk was determined using the WHO CVD risk assessment chart validated for Western sub-Saharan Africa, while glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were assessed as markers of glycaemic control, atherogenicity, and inflammation, respectively. Statistical analyses, including binary logistic regression, were conducted using SPSS version 25, with significance set at p < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Hypertensive patients with T2DM had significantly higher hsCRP (2.57 mg/L, IQR: 2.63 vs. 0.86 mg/L, IQR: 1.72; p < 0.001) and AIP (0.071, IQR: 0.39 vs. 0.002, IQR: 0.34; p = 0.015). They also had significantly higher mean WHO CVD risk scores (11.3 ± 4.7 vs. 7.2 ± 4.1; p < 0.001), with 60.0% (n = 75) classified as moderate-to-high risk. However, after adjusting for potential confounders in the multivariable analysis, HbA1c (OR = 0.82, p = 0.062), hsCRP (OR = 1.01, p = 0.905), and AIP (OR = 2.22, p = 0.293) did not emerge as significant predictors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although hsCRP and AIP levels were elevated in higher CVD risk categories, they did not independently predict risk among patients with T2DM and hypertension. This highlights the limited utility of traditional biochemical markers in this group and the need for early risk assessment and aggressive blood pressure control. Further multicentre studies are needed to validate these results and inform targeted interventions in resource-limited settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":9152,"journal":{"name":"BMC Endocrine Disorders","volume":"25 1","pages":"200"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12382058/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Beyond blood pressure and glucose: exploring potential biochemical predictors of cardiovascular disease risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and co-morbid hypertension.\",\"authors\":\"Bruno Basil, Jamila Aminu Mohammed, Izuchukwu Nnachi Mba, Isiaku Mary Nkemakolam, Blessing Kenechi Myke-Mbata\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s12902-025-02020-0\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), particularly when complicated by hypertension. This study explored markers of glycaemic control, systemic inflammation, and lipid-related atherogenicity, and their relationship with CVD risk among a population of Nigerian patients with T2DM and co-morbid hypertension.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This hospital-based cross-sectional analytical study was conducted over a period of 13 months among patients with T2DM, including those with co-morbid hypertension. The 10-year estimated CVD risk was determined using the WHO CVD risk assessment chart validated for Western sub-Saharan Africa, while glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were assessed as markers of glycaemic control, atherogenicity, and inflammation, respectively. Statistical analyses, including binary logistic regression, were conducted using SPSS version 25, with significance set at p < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Hypertensive patients with T2DM had significantly higher hsCRP (2.57 mg/L, IQR: 2.63 vs. 0.86 mg/L, IQR: 1.72; p < 0.001) and AIP (0.071, IQR: 0.39 vs. 0.002, IQR: 0.34; p = 0.015). They also had significantly higher mean WHO CVD risk scores (11.3 ± 4.7 vs. 7.2 ± 4.1; p < 0.001), with 60.0% (n = 75) classified as moderate-to-high risk. However, after adjusting for potential confounders in the multivariable analysis, HbA1c (OR = 0.82, p = 0.062), hsCRP (OR = 1.01, p = 0.905), and AIP (OR = 2.22, p = 0.293) did not emerge as significant predictors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although hsCRP and AIP levels were elevated in higher CVD risk categories, they did not independently predict risk among patients with T2DM and hypertension. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
背景:心血管疾病(CVD)仍然是2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者发病和死亡的主要原因,特别是当合并高血压时。本研究探讨了尼日利亚T2DM合并高血压患者的血糖控制、全身性炎症和脂质相关动脉粥样硬化的标志物及其与CVD风险的关系。方法:这项以医院为基础的横断面分析研究在T2DM患者中进行了为期13个月的研究,包括合并高血压的患者。使用世卫组织在撒哈拉以南非洲西部验证的CVD风险评估图确定10年估计CVD风险,同时分别评估糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血浆动脉粥样硬化指数(AIP)和高敏c反应蛋白(hsCRP)作为血糖控制、动脉粥样硬化和炎症的标志物。结果:高血压合并T2DM患者的hsCRP水平显著升高(2.57 mg/L, IQR: 2.63 vs. 0.86 mg/L, IQR: 1.72); p结论:虽然hsCRP和AIP水平在心血管疾病高危类别中升高,但它们不能独立预测T2DM合并高血压患者的风险。这凸显了传统生化标志物在这一群体中的有限效用,以及早期风险评估和积极控制血压的必要性。需要进一步的多中心研究来验证这些结果,并在资源有限的情况下为有针对性的干预措施提供信息。
Beyond blood pressure and glucose: exploring potential biochemical predictors of cardiovascular disease risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and co-morbid hypertension.
Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), particularly when complicated by hypertension. This study explored markers of glycaemic control, systemic inflammation, and lipid-related atherogenicity, and their relationship with CVD risk among a population of Nigerian patients with T2DM and co-morbid hypertension.
Method: This hospital-based cross-sectional analytical study was conducted over a period of 13 months among patients with T2DM, including those with co-morbid hypertension. The 10-year estimated CVD risk was determined using the WHO CVD risk assessment chart validated for Western sub-Saharan Africa, while glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were assessed as markers of glycaemic control, atherogenicity, and inflammation, respectively. Statistical analyses, including binary logistic regression, were conducted using SPSS version 25, with significance set at p < 0.05.
Results: Hypertensive patients with T2DM had significantly higher hsCRP (2.57 mg/L, IQR: 2.63 vs. 0.86 mg/L, IQR: 1.72; p < 0.001) and AIP (0.071, IQR: 0.39 vs. 0.002, IQR: 0.34; p = 0.015). They also had significantly higher mean WHO CVD risk scores (11.3 ± 4.7 vs. 7.2 ± 4.1; p < 0.001), with 60.0% (n = 75) classified as moderate-to-high risk. However, after adjusting for potential confounders in the multivariable analysis, HbA1c (OR = 0.82, p = 0.062), hsCRP (OR = 1.01, p = 0.905), and AIP (OR = 2.22, p = 0.293) did not emerge as significant predictors.
Conclusion: Although hsCRP and AIP levels were elevated in higher CVD risk categories, they did not independently predict risk among patients with T2DM and hypertension. This highlights the limited utility of traditional biochemical markers in this group and the need for early risk assessment and aggressive blood pressure control. Further multicentre studies are needed to validate these results and inform targeted interventions in resource-limited settings.
期刊介绍:
BMC Endocrine Disorders is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that considers articles on all aspects of the prevention, diagnosis and management of endocrine disorders, as well as related molecular genetics, pathophysiology, and epidemiology.