Lactoferrin in the Eternal City.

The XVIth International Conference on Lactoferrin, held in Rome in November 2023, showcased cutting-edge research on the multifunctional glycoprotein lactoferrin (Lf). Known for its broad antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties, Lf continues to challenge the one-protein-one-function paradigm. Presentations highlighted its evolving therapeutic applications, including anti-biofilm strategies, modulation of immune responses, iron homeostasis, gut health, and cancer inhibition. Studies emphasized the importance of Lf source, iron saturation, and formulation, including recombinant and peptide derivatives. The collection underscores the expanding biomedical relevance of Lf and sets the stage for continued exploration at the upcoming XVIIth Conference in Mazatlán, Mexico.