Suggestive Contribution of Sequence Signal Gene Variants of TGF-β1 in Development of Type 1 Diabetes, Diabetic Neuropathy, and Modulation of Lipid Profile.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and its associated complications result from the interplay between genetic and environmental factors, with inflammation playing a central role in their pathogenesis. This study aimed to assess the association between TGF-β1 gene variants and T1DM, as well as its neuropathy, in the Algerian population. A case-control study was conducted, analyzing 344 blood samples. The TGF-β1 rs1800470 and rs1800471 were genotyped using the PCR-SSP method. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared among participants, and phenotype-genotype interactions were determined.The results revealed that the TGF-β1 rs1800470 CC genotype was significantly more frequent in patients (OR = 2.08, p = 0.016), while the GC genotype was significantly more frequent in controls (OR = 0.49, p = 0.001). The C allele (OR = 2.97, p < 0.0001) and the GC genotype (OR = 2.93, p = 0.0003) of the TGF-β1 rs1800471 were significantly more frequent in T1DM patients, while the G allele (OR = 0.34, p < 0.0001) and GG genotype (OR = 0.32, p < 0.0001) were more frequent in controls. Furthermore, the GG genotype of rs1800471 was associated with diabetic neuropathy (OR = 3.30, p = 0.03), and carrying at least one copy of the minor C allele was linked to higher levels of total cholesterol (p = 0.0096) and triglycerides (p = 0.001). Based on these data, we suggest an association between the TGF-β1 variants rs1800470 and rs1800471 and susceptibility to T1DM. Furthermore, the rs1800471 variant may be involved in the development of diabetic neuropathy with a possible impact on lipid profiles.