{"title":"在人类头发中检测兴奋剂米屈肼。","authors":"Pascal Kintz, Jean-Claude Alvarez, Laurie Gheddar","doi":"10.1002/dta.3941","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Meldonium has been developed in the 70s in Latvia and is currently used in a limited number of countries for heart-related diseases, such as heart attack, failure, or angina pectoris. Due to its metabolic properties (decrease of lactate production, increase of glycogen use, and protective action again oxidative stress), meldonium has been abused by numerous athletes to enhance their performance. The drug has been prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency since 2016 and is on the S4.4.3 list (metabolic modulators) of the prohibited substances at all times. As athletes can challenge their anti-doping violation involving meldonium, there is an interest in testing for it in hair in order to document their pattern of exposure. Such hair application can be complicated to develop, as meldonium has a chemical formula close to an amino acid and presents an ionized fraction, which are limiting factors for drug incorporation into hair. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was used. The drug was extracted from hair after methanol incubation in an ultrasound bath and separation on a BEH HILIC column. Linearity was verified from 0.5 to 100 pg/mg (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9943). The limit of detection was 0.1 pg/mg. Although their meldonium regimen was unknown, the drug was identified in the proximal hair segment (0 to 1 cm) of three consumers at 0.7, 6.1, and 17 pg/mg, highlighting for the first time the incorporation in hair of this molecule.</p>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Testing for Meldonium, a Doping Agent, in Human Hair.\",\"authors\":\"Pascal Kintz, Jean-Claude Alvarez, Laurie Gheddar\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/dta.3941\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><p>Meldonium has been developed in the 70s in Latvia and is currently used in a limited number of countries for heart-related diseases, such as heart attack, failure, or angina pectoris. Due to its metabolic properties (decrease of lactate production, increase of glycogen use, and protective action again oxidative stress), meldonium has been abused by numerous athletes to enhance their performance. The drug has been prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency since 2016 and is on the S4.4.3 list (metabolic modulators) of the prohibited substances at all times. As athletes can challenge their anti-doping violation involving meldonium, there is an interest in testing for it in hair in order to document their pattern of exposure. Such hair application can be complicated to develop, as meldonium has a chemical formula close to an amino acid and presents an ionized fraction, which are limiting factors for drug incorporation into hair. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was used. The drug was extracted from hair after methanol incubation in an ultrasound bath and separation on a BEH HILIC column. Linearity was verified from 0.5 to 100 pg/mg (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9943). The limit of detection was 0.1 pg/mg. Although their meldonium regimen was unknown, the drug was identified in the proximal hair segment (0 to 1 cm) of three consumers at 0.7, 6.1, and 17 pg/mg, highlighting for the first time the incorporation in hair of this molecule.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":160,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Drug Testing and Analysis\",\"volume\":\" \",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.7000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-08-17\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Drug Testing and Analysis\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3941\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"BIOCHEMICAL RESEARCH METHODS\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Drug Testing and Analysis","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3941","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"BIOCHEMICAL RESEARCH METHODS","Score":null,"Total":0}
Testing for Meldonium, a Doping Agent, in Human Hair.
Meldonium has been developed in the 70s in Latvia and is currently used in a limited number of countries for heart-related diseases, such as heart attack, failure, or angina pectoris. Due to its metabolic properties (decrease of lactate production, increase of glycogen use, and protective action again oxidative stress), meldonium has been abused by numerous athletes to enhance their performance. The drug has been prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency since 2016 and is on the S4.4.3 list (metabolic modulators) of the prohibited substances at all times. As athletes can challenge their anti-doping violation involving meldonium, there is an interest in testing for it in hair in order to document their pattern of exposure. Such hair application can be complicated to develop, as meldonium has a chemical formula close to an amino acid and presents an ionized fraction, which are limiting factors for drug incorporation into hair. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was used. The drug was extracted from hair after methanol incubation in an ultrasound bath and separation on a BEH HILIC column. Linearity was verified from 0.5 to 100 pg/mg (R2 = 0.9943). The limit of detection was 0.1 pg/mg. Although their meldonium regimen was unknown, the drug was identified in the proximal hair segment (0 to 1 cm) of three consumers at 0.7, 6.1, and 17 pg/mg, highlighting for the first time the incorporation in hair of this molecule.
期刊介绍:
As the incidence of drugs escalates in 21st century living, their detection and analysis have become increasingly important. Sport, the workplace, crime investigation, homeland security, the pharmaceutical industry and the environment are just some of the high profile arenas in which analytical testing has provided an important investigative tool for uncovering the presence of extraneous substances.
In addition to the usual publishing fare of primary research articles, case reports and letters, Drug Testing and Analysis offers a unique combination of; ‘How to’ material such as ‘Tutorials’ and ‘Reviews’, Speculative pieces (‘Commentaries’ and ‘Perspectives'', providing a broader scientific and social context to the aspects of analytical testing), ‘Annual banned substance reviews’ (delivering a critical evaluation of the methods used in the characterization of established and newly outlawed compounds).
Rather than focus on the application of a single technique, Drug Testing and Analysis employs a unique multidisciplinary approach to the field of controversial compound determination. Papers discussing chromatography, mass spectrometry, immunological approaches, 1D/2D gel electrophoresis, to name just a few select methods, are welcomed where their application is related to any of the six key topics listed below.