Thermal radiation effect on SiO2–MoS2/Water hybrid nanofluids with Darcy–Forchheimer flow with Cattaneo–Christov heat flux over a permeable surface

This research offersa computational and numerical analysis of SiO₂/water nanofluid and SiO₂–MoS₂/water hybrid nanofluid under Darcy–Forchheimer flow conditions across a permeable surface. The model incorporates the consequences of the Cattaneo–Christovthermal radiation, heat flux model, viscous dissipation, and variable solid volume fractions of nanoparticles to evaluate the behavior of the fluids. The controlling nonlinear partial differential equations are converted into a system of ordinary differential equations and numerically resolved utilizing MATLAB's BVP4C solver in conjunction with the shooting method. bResultsreveal that hybrid nanofluids, particularly the SiO₂–MoS₂/water composition, significantly outperform mono-nanofluids in terms of thermal conductivity, heat transfer efficiency, and friction reduction. SiO₂/water nanofluid is commonly used in electronic cooling, solar collectors, automotive radiators, biomedical devices, and heat exchangers due to its good thermal performance, chemical stability, and low cost making it ideal for safe, non-toxic heat transfer applications. In contrast, the SiO₂–MoS₂/water hybrid nanofluid offers superior thermal and tribological properties, making it highly suitable for advanced heat exchangers, solar thermal systems, cutting and grinding operations, geothermal energy systems, and aerospace cooling technologies. The synergistic enhancement provided by MoS₂ greatly improves both heat transfer and lubrication, positioning this hybrid nanofluid as a promising candidate for next-generation thermal management solutions.