Myco-nanotechnology at the crossroads: eco-friendly synthesis, agricultural applications, and AI-driven risk mitigation of fungal-derived nanoparticles

Fungal-based nanotechnology is emerging as a promising and sustainable approach in agriculture, environmental cleanup, and biotechnology. Nanoparticles produced by fungi known as Myco-nanoparticles offer a greener method of synthesis, along with good stability and strong biological activity. However, their increasing use has raised concerns about possible environmental risks and long-term effects. This review highlights recent advances in the eco-friendly production of Myco-nanoparticles and their potential to support plant growth, improve nutrient uptake, and boost resistance to stress and disease. While small amounts of these particles may be helpful, higher doses can lead to harmful effects such as oxidative stress and damage to plant DNA. Compared to nanoparticles made by plants or bacteria, fungal-derived particles are often more stable and easier to produce, though they still pose similar safety concerns. This review uniquely connects fungal nanobiotechnology with AI-driven toxicity prediction and omics-based pathway mapping an integrated approach that lays the groundwork for precision myconanotechnology with reduced ecological impact.