Functional supramolecular hosts as platforms for the detection and removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent, toxic, and bioaccumulative chemicals requiring effective removal and detection methods. Conventional adsorbents like activated carbon and ion-exchange resins suffer from low selectivity, limited capacity, and slow kinetics, while detection methods like high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry are costly and equipment-intensive. Functional supramolecular host (FSH) materials offer a promising alternative with advantages such as host-guest molecular recognition, adaptability, and tunable structures. This review explores the application of FSHs in PFAS remediation, focusing on adsorbent structural types, adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and mechanisms, as well as regeneration strategies. It also delves into the principles of FSH-based PFAS detection systems, including their design and mechanisms. By addressing key challenges, this review provides insights for developing next-generation materials for cost-effective, efficient PFAS removal and detection in water and environmental samples.