Valvulopatía aórtica

Aortic valve disease encompasses a group of disorders that affect the aortic valve, which is responsible for regulating blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta. Aortic stenosis is characterized by inadequate valve opening. The most common cause in older adult patients is degenerative; in younger individuals, the most common cause is congenital malformations such as bicuspid valve. This flow restriction leads to increased ventricular afterload, left ventricular hypertrophy, and, eventually, heart failure. On the other hand, aortic insufficiency may be due to degenerative changes, congenital anomalies, infective endocarditis, or aortic root dilation, among others.

The diagnosis of aortic valve disease is based on a clinical examination, in which auscultation of heart murmurs can be key. It is confirmed by echocardiographic studies, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and, in some cases, catheterization. Treatment depends on severity and may include medical management, valve replacement surgery, or less invasive techniques such as transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). An early, multidisciplinary approach is essential to optimize clinical outcomes and improve the patient's quality of life.