Gender-group membership intersectionality and determinants of indigenous climate adaptation of smallholder farmers for climate risk management in northern Ghana

This study examined the intersection of gender and group membership as well as the factors influencing indigenous adaptation strategies of male and female smallholder farmers to moderate climate risks for sustainable food security in dryland communities. It used survey data from 299 farming households with 12 focus group discussions across six rural communities in northern Ghana. Household data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a binary logistic regression model. The results reveal that smallholder farmers’ indigenous solutions, such as soil and water management strategies, are gender-differentiated. The most significant indigenous adaptation strategies employed by smallholder farmers include the use of organic manure, rainwater harvesting, and spiritual consultations. From an intersectional perspective, group membership is gendered and facilitates the reduction of climate adaptation costs. Several factors differently shape the indigenous adaptation strategies of male and female smallholder farmers. Generally, age, education, and wealth status influence gender responses to climate change. Specifically male farmers’ indigenous strategies are significantly affected by farm size, whereas female farmers’ practices are mainly shaped by farm experience, farm ownership, and membership in local associations. These findings indicate that social, economic, demographic, and farm-related characteristics are essential for building climate resilience. The findings offer insightful guidance for policymakers and practitioners to develop adaptation plans that are gender-responsive, strengthen farming groups, and enhance adaptive capacity, ultimately promoting resilient and sustainable food systems in dryland indigenous communities.