Susanna Tall, Priya Prahalad, Martin Adiels, Annika Rosengren, Suvi M. Virtanen, David M. Maahs, Mikael Knip
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We analysed the incidence of type 1 diabetes during the COVID-19 lockdown and before the lockdown in Sweden, Finland and Stanford, CA, USA.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\n \n <p>Type 1 diabetes incidence rates during the first 18 months of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (3/2020–8/2021) were compared to a period before the pandemic (three corresponding 18-month terms 2014–2019) in Sweden, Finland and Stanford.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Results</h3>\n \n <p>In Sweden, type 1 diabetes incidence increased by 5% (IRR 1.05; 95% CI = 0.98–1.12; <i>p</i> = 0.18, <i>N</i> = 4458), in Finland by 17% (IRR 1.17; 95% CI = 1.07–1.27; <i>p</i> < 0.001, <i>N</i> = 2881) and in Stanford by 10% (IRR = 1.10; 95% CI = 0.91–1.34; <i>p</i> = 0.34, <i>N</i> = 531) during the lockdown compared to the time before lockdown. In boys under 5 years of age, the incidence increased significantly in all regions: Sweden (IRR 1.21; 95% CI = 1.00–1.46; <i>p</i> = 0.05, <i>N</i> = 521), Finland (IRR = 1.33; 95% Cl = 1.06–1.67, <i>p</i> = 0.02, <i>N</i> = 363) and Stanford CA, USA (IRR = 2.07\"; 95% Cl = 1.06–4.02, <i>p</i> = 0.03, <i>N</i> = 37).</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Conclusions</h3>\n \n <p>Lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic may have untoward consequences such as an increased risk of type 1 diabetes in young children, boys in particular. The hygiene hypothesis may explain this finding.</p>\n </section>\n </div>","PeriodicalId":11335,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews","volume":"41 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dmrr.70084","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Increased Risk of Type 1 Diabetes in Boys Under the Age of 5 Years During COVID-19 Lockdowns in Finland, Sweden and Stanford, CA, USA—An Observational Multicenter Study\",\"authors\":\"Susanna Tall, Priya Prahalad, Martin Adiels, Annika Rosengren, Suvi M. Virtanen, David M. Maahs, Mikael Knip\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/dmrr.70084\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div>\\n \\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Aims</h3>\\n \\n <p>The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with an increased incidence of type 1 diabetes. Changes in the type 1 diabetes incidences in countries like Sweden where very mild COVID-19 pandemic related measures were applied have not been established so far. We analysed the incidence of type 1 diabetes during the COVID-19 lockdown and before the lockdown in Sweden, Finland and Stanford, CA, USA.</p>\\n </section>\\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\\n \\n <p>Type 1 diabetes incidence rates during the first 18 months of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (3/2020–8/2021) were compared to a period before the pandemic (three corresponding 18-month terms 2014–2019) in Sweden, Finland and Stanford.</p>\\n </section>\\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Results</h3>\\n \\n <p>In Sweden, type 1 diabetes incidence increased by 5% (IRR 1.05; 95% CI = 0.98–1.12; <i>p</i> = 0.18, <i>N</i> = 4458), in Finland by 17% (IRR 1.17; 95% CI = 1.07–1.27; <i>p</i> < 0.001, <i>N</i> = 2881) and in Stanford by 10% (IRR = 1.10; 95% CI = 0.91–1.34; <i>p</i> = 0.34, <i>N</i> = 531) during the lockdown compared to the time before lockdown. In boys under 5 years of age, the incidence increased significantly in all regions: Sweden (IRR 1.21; 95% CI = 1.00–1.46; <i>p</i> = 0.05, <i>N</i> = 521), Finland (IRR = 1.33; 95% Cl = 1.06–1.67, <i>p</i> = 0.02, <i>N</i> = 363) and Stanford CA, USA (IRR = 2.07\\\"; 95% Cl = 1.06–4.02, <i>p</i> = 0.03, <i>N</i> = 37).</p>\\n </section>\\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Conclusions</h3>\\n \\n <p>Lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic may have untoward consequences such as an increased risk of type 1 diabetes in young children, boys in particular. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
COVID-19大流行与1型糖尿病发病率增加有关。迄今为止，在瑞典等实施了非常轻微的COVID-19大流行相关措施的国家，1型糖尿病发病率的变化尚未确定。我们分析了瑞典、芬兰和美国加利福尼亚州斯坦福市在COVID-19封锁期间和封锁前的1型糖尿病发病率。材料与方法将SARS-CoV-2大流行（3/2020-8/2021）前18个月瑞典、芬兰和斯坦福的1型糖尿病发病率与大流行前一段时间（2014-2019年三个相应的18个月）进行比较。结果在瑞典，与封锁前相比，封锁期间1型糖尿病发病率增加了5% (IRR 1.05; 95% CI = 0.98-1.12; p = 0.18, N = 4458)，芬兰增加了17% (IRR 1.17; 95% CI = 1.07-1.27; p < 0.001, N = 2881)，斯坦福大学增加了10% （IRR = 1.10; 95% CI = 0.91-1.34; p = 0.34, N = 531）。在5岁以下男孩中，所有地区的发病率均显著增加：瑞典（IRR 1.21; 95% CI = 1.00-1.46; p = 0.05, N = 521）、芬兰（IRR = 1.33; 95% Cl = 1.06-1.67, p = 0.02, N = 363）和美国斯坦福（IRR = 2.07”；95% Cl = 1.06-4.02, p = 0.03, N = 37）。结论：2019冠状病毒病大流行期间的封锁可能会产生不良后果，例如幼儿，特别是男孩患1型糖尿病的风险增加。卫生假说可以解释这一发现。
Increased Risk of Type 1 Diabetes in Boys Under the Age of 5 Years During COVID-19 Lockdowns in Finland, Sweden and Stanford, CA, USA—An Observational Multicenter Study
Aims
The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with an increased incidence of type 1 diabetes. Changes in the type 1 diabetes incidences in countries like Sweden where very mild COVID-19 pandemic related measures were applied have not been established so far. We analysed the incidence of type 1 diabetes during the COVID-19 lockdown and before the lockdown in Sweden, Finland and Stanford, CA, USA.
Materials and Methods
Type 1 diabetes incidence rates during the first 18 months of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (3/2020–8/2021) were compared to a period before the pandemic (three corresponding 18-month terms 2014–2019) in Sweden, Finland and Stanford.
Results
In Sweden, type 1 diabetes incidence increased by 5% (IRR 1.05; 95% CI = 0.98–1.12; p = 0.18, N = 4458), in Finland by 17% (IRR 1.17; 95% CI = 1.07–1.27; p < 0.001, N = 2881) and in Stanford by 10% (IRR = 1.10; 95% CI = 0.91–1.34; p = 0.34, N = 531) during the lockdown compared to the time before lockdown. In boys under 5 years of age, the incidence increased significantly in all regions: Sweden (IRR 1.21; 95% CI = 1.00–1.46; p = 0.05, N = 521), Finland (IRR = 1.33; 95% Cl = 1.06–1.67, p = 0.02, N = 363) and Stanford CA, USA (IRR = 2.07"; 95% Cl = 1.06–4.02, p = 0.03, N = 37).
Conclusions
Lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic may have untoward consequences such as an increased risk of type 1 diabetes in young children, boys in particular. The hygiene hypothesis may explain this finding.
期刊介绍：
Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews is a premier endocrinology and metabolism journal esteemed by clinicians and researchers alike. Encompassing a wide spectrum of topics including diabetes, endocrinology, metabolism, and obesity, the journal eagerly accepts submissions ranging from clinical studies to basic and translational research, as well as reviews exploring historical progress, controversial issues, and prominent opinions in the field. Join us in advancing knowledge and understanding in the realm of diabetes and metabolism.
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