The cross talk between cancer-associated fibroblasts and neutrophil extracellular traps in the tumor microenvironment

The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in tumorigenesis and metastasis, with cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) identified as key contributors to its dynamic regulation. This review elucidates the multifaceted roles of CAFs and NETs in tumor progression and clarifies their intricate cross talk. The underlying mechanisms by which these components promote tumor growth, metastasis, and immune evasion are also discussed. Promising therapeutic strategies include both direct targeting of CAFs and inhibition of their downstream effectors. Likewise, the disruption of NET formation using DNase or peptidylarginine deiminase 4 inhibitors represents a potential avenue for anticancer therapy. In addition, the review highlights the regulatory effects of natural products and traditional Chinese medicines on CAF–tumor interactions. Despite these advances, further investigation is necessary to facilitate clinical translation. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the TME and promote the development of innovative therapies targeting CAF–NET cross talk to improve cancer prognosis.