Impacts of Climate Change on Crops: A Comprehensive Review

Climate change presents profound and growing challenges to global agriculture, primarily by altering temperature regimes, precipitation patterns, and the frequency of extreme weather events. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current research on the impacts of climate change on crop production. It begins by examining recent global climate trends and their implications for agricultural systems, followed by an in-depth analysis of how climate change affects crop yield and cropping structure. Particular attention is given to China, where the structural adjustment of major grain crops under changing climate conditions is critically evaluated. The review further explores optimisation strategies for cropping systems, highlighting both agronomic and modelling approaches. In addition, emerging technologies and climate-smart agricultural practices are assessed for their potential to mitigate adverse effects and enhance resilience. By identifying key knowledge gaps—such as the need for region-specific adaptation strategies, improved integration of socio-economic factors, and the validation of crop models—this review offers new insights to support sustainable agricultural development and inform future research in climate-resilient farming.