One-pot synthesis of some triazoles derivatives using nano Co3O4/g-C3N4/Si under microwave irradiation

This study explores the novel synthesis of triazoles utilizing a Co₃O₄/g-C₃N₄/Si catalytic system under microwave irradiation. The unique properties of cobalt oxide, graphitic carbon nitride, and silicon provide a synergistic effect that significantly enhances reaction efficiency. Microwave irradiation allows for rapid and uniform heating, activating reactants and facilitating the formation of reactive intermediates. This study investigates the preparation and catalytic efficacy of nano Co₃O₄ doped g-C₃N₄ mixed with tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride catalysts in the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction for the formation of 1,2,3-1H-triazole derivatives. Utilizing ethanol/water mixture as a solvent not only facilitates faster reaction rates but also provides an environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and cost-effective medium. Under all studied conditions, the Co₃O₄/g-C₃N₄/Si NCs exhibited better catalytic performance than Co₃O₄ NPs, allowing the sole production of the desired 1,4-isomer. Interestingly, the Co₃O₄/g-C₃N₄/Si NCs produced noticeably greater yields (91–97%) for a variety of triazole compounds under microwave irradiation than did the Co₃O₄ NPs (49–75%). The purity of the triazole compounds and the effective synthesis of the NCs were validated by characterization procedures. The high efficiency and heterogeneity of the Co₃O₄/g-C₃N₄/Si nanocatalyst allowed for simple isolation and repurposing. The results demonstrate that this method not only increases yield and reaction rates but also offers milder conditions compared to conventional synthesis techniques, presenting a promising approach for the efficient production of triazole compounds in organic synthesis.