Nano-Chemotherapeutic Approaches of Bio-Synthesized Chitosan Encapsulated Cyclophosphamide Loaded Magnetite Nanoparticles for Enhanced Lung Cancer Therapy

The metal oxide nanocarriers are attracting a lot of interest in cancer treatment because of their special characteristics in nanoscale. However, nanomaterials do have several drawbacks in biomedical applications, such as toxicity, biocompatibility, and stability. To reduce the adverse impacts of traditional chemotherapeutics, magnetite (Fe₃O₄ NPs) nanoparticles are showing promise as nanocarriers. In this study, focused on nano-bio interaction of synthesized cyclophosphamide loaded chitosan encapsulated magnetite nanoparticles (Chitosan@CP@Fe₃O₄ NPs). The cyclophosphamide-loaded magnetite nanoparticles have more biocompatibility, less toxicity and more drug encapsulation efficiency and releasing efficiency compared to bare cyclophosphamide and magnetite nanoparticles. The cellular nano-bio interaction was studied in hemocompatibility, cell viability assay showed higher cytotoxicity with an IC₅₀ values of CP (500 µg/ml), Fe₃O₄ NPs (500 µg/ml) and Chitosan@CP@Fe₃O₄ NPs (500 µg/ml). The chromosomal level nano-bio interaction was studied in human blood chromosomal aberration assay, onion root tip geno-toxicity assay. The results show that Fe₃O₄ NPs are induced more cytotoxicity and genotoxicity at higher concentrations, but CP only induced genotoxicity. The combination of chitosan@CP@Fe₃O₄ NPs induced very less cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and more anti-tumor effects.