Production of cellulose nanocrystals from the residual mass of P. chaba stem after methanol extraction as potential reinforcement in sustainable nanocomposite manufacturing: A cutting-edge approach in waste management

The sustainable utilization of agro-waste biomass has gained significant attention in recent years, particularly for producing high-value nanomaterials. In this research, cellulose nanocrystal (CNCs) was effectively isolated from the residual mass of Piper chaba plant stem after methanol extraction through a sequential physicochemical approach. The residual mass was chosen to facilitate solid waste management by reducing secondary pollution and to develop a new source of CNCs, which can be beneficial in a zero-waste strategy. However, to verify the scope, contribution, novelty, significance, selectivity, and applicability of the newly produced CNCs, several state-of-the-art techniques were conducted like Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermal analysis (TGA/DSC), UV–vis-NIR spectroscopy, Field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (STEM), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential (ZP) analysis. The FTIR spectra indicated the gradual elimination of non-cellulosic constituents, XRD demonstrated a notable increase in crystallinity, confirming the effectiveness of the purification process. The TGA/DSC indicated enhanced thermal stability. FESEM and STEM have revealed a well-decorated 2D mesoporous honeycomb-like surface microstructure with road road-like shape and a nanoscale dimension of approximately 100nm. DLS and zeta potential analyses confirmed a high negative surface charge (−12.5mV), ensuring colloidal stability. These enhanced physicochemical properties make the CNCs a highly promising candidate as reinforcement to produce environmentally friendly polyfunctional bionanocomposites. This innovative approach highlights the potential of underutilized residual mass as a beneficial source for high-performance nanocellulose and to reduce secondary pollution. Offering a green and cost-effective solution for advanced material production, application, and zero waste technology.