D. Karunanidhi, P. Aravinthasamy, H. Chandra Jayasena, T. Subramani, Narsimha Adimalla
{"title":"印度南部干旱易发地区饮用和灌溉适宜性地下水质量估算及使用GIS的健康危害计算和空间分析","authors":"D. Karunanidhi, P. Aravinthasamy, H. Chandra Jayasena, T. Subramani, Narsimha Adimalla","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12482-z","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Groundwater is essential in the semi-arid areas of South India, where unpredictable rainfall and limited surface water, increase reliance on underground water for drinking and farming. In the industrially active Sivakasi area, worries about groundwater pollution have grown due to rising human activities, such as fertilizer application and industrial wastes. This research seeks to assess the quality of groundwater for drinking and irrigation, concentrating on spatial differences, contamination risks, and health effects, by employing combined hydrogeochemical and geospatial methods. A total of 77 groundwater samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), major ions (Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, Cl<sup>-</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>), and key contaminants (fluoride and nitrate). The Piper diagram revealed that 70% of samples belong to the mixed Ca–Mg–Cl water type. Fluoride levels exceeded World Health Organization (World Health Organization-WHO 2017) limits in 24% of the samples, rendering 140.16 km<sup>2</sup> unsuitable for drinking, while nitrate levels above 45 mg/l affected 36.4% of samples, impacting 250.93 km<sup>2</sup>. A Water Quality Index (WQI) map classified 140.49 km<sup>2</sup> as having very poor water quality, and 422.29 km<sup>2</sup> as not suitable for human consumption. Conversely, irrigation assessments using USSL, Wilcox, and Doneen diagrams, along with Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Kellys Index (KI), Sodium Percentage (Na%), and Magnesium Hazard Ration (MHR) indices, indicated that most groundwater sources were suitable for agricultural use. However, health risk assessments revealed significant non-carcinogenic risks, especially among infants, due to excessive fluoride and nitrate exposure. GIS-based mapping aids in groundwater management, ensuring drinking water safety and irrigation suitability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Groundwater quality estimation for drinking and irrigation suitability in a drought-prone region of south India with health hazard computation and spatial analysis using GIS\",\"authors\":\"D. Karunanidhi, P. Aravinthasamy, H. Chandra Jayasena, T. Subramani, Narsimha Adimalla\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s12665-025-12482-z\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><p>Groundwater is essential in the semi-arid areas of South India, where unpredictable rainfall and limited surface water, increase reliance on underground water for drinking and farming. In the industrially active Sivakasi area, worries about groundwater pollution have grown due to rising human activities, such as fertilizer application and industrial wastes. This research seeks to assess the quality of groundwater for drinking and irrigation, concentrating on spatial differences, contamination risks, and health effects, by employing combined hydrogeochemical and geospatial methods. A total of 77 groundwater samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), major ions (Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, Cl<sup>-</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>), and key contaminants (fluoride and nitrate). The Piper diagram revealed that 70% of samples belong to the mixed Ca–Mg–Cl water type. Fluoride levels exceeded World Health Organization (World Health Organization-WHO 2017) limits in 24% of the samples, rendering 140.16 km<sup>2</sup> unsuitable for drinking, while nitrate levels above 45 mg/l affected 36.4% of samples, impacting 250.93 km<sup>2</sup>. A Water Quality Index (WQI) map classified 140.49 km<sup>2</sup> as having very poor water quality, and 422.29 km<sup>2</sup> as not suitable for human consumption. Conversely, irrigation assessments using USSL, Wilcox, and Doneen diagrams, along with Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Kellys Index (KI), Sodium Percentage (Na%), and Magnesium Hazard Ration (MHR) indices, indicated that most groundwater sources were suitable for agricultural use. However, health risk assessments revealed significant non-carcinogenic risks, especially among infants, due to excessive fluoride and nitrate exposure. 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Groundwater quality estimation for drinking and irrigation suitability in a drought-prone region of south India with health hazard computation and spatial analysis using GIS
Groundwater is essential in the semi-arid areas of South India, where unpredictable rainfall and limited surface water, increase reliance on underground water for drinking and farming. In the industrially active Sivakasi area, worries about groundwater pollution have grown due to rising human activities, such as fertilizer application and industrial wastes. This research seeks to assess the quality of groundwater for drinking and irrigation, concentrating on spatial differences, contamination risks, and health effects, by employing combined hydrogeochemical and geospatial methods. A total of 77 groundwater samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-), and key contaminants (fluoride and nitrate). The Piper diagram revealed that 70% of samples belong to the mixed Ca–Mg–Cl water type. Fluoride levels exceeded World Health Organization (World Health Organization-WHO 2017) limits in 24% of the samples, rendering 140.16 km2 unsuitable for drinking, while nitrate levels above 45 mg/l affected 36.4% of samples, impacting 250.93 km2. A Water Quality Index (WQI) map classified 140.49 km2 as having very poor water quality, and 422.29 km2 as not suitable for human consumption. Conversely, irrigation assessments using USSL, Wilcox, and Doneen diagrams, along with Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Kellys Index (KI), Sodium Percentage (Na%), and Magnesium Hazard Ration (MHR) indices, indicated that most groundwater sources were suitable for agricultural use. However, health risk assessments revealed significant non-carcinogenic risks, especially among infants, due to excessive fluoride and nitrate exposure. GIS-based mapping aids in groundwater management, ensuring drinking water safety and irrigation suitability.
期刊介绍：
Environmental Earth Sciences is an international multidisciplinary journal concerned with all aspects of interaction between humans, natural resources, ecosystems, special climates or unique geographic zones, and the earth:
Water and soil contamination caused by waste management and disposal practices
Environmental problems associated with transportation by land, air, or water
Geological processes that may impact biosystems or humans
Man-made or naturally occurring geological or hydrological hazards
Environmental problems associated with the recovery of materials from the earth
Environmental problems caused by extraction of minerals, coal, and ores, as well as oil and gas, water and alternative energy sources
Environmental impacts of exploration and recultivation – Environmental impacts of hazardous materials
Management of environmental data and information in data banks and information systems
Dissemination of knowledge on techniques, methods, approaches and experiences to improve and remediate the environment
In pursuit of these topics, the geoscientific disciplines are invited to contribute their knowledge and experience. Major disciplines include: hydrogeology, hydrochemistry, geochemistry, geophysics, engineering geology, remediation science, natural resources management, environmental climatology and biota, environmental geography, soil science and geomicrobiology.
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