A review on the role of birds as disseminators of ticks, with special emphasis on Hyalomma species and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus

Hyalomma marginatum and Hyalomma rufipes are tick species of high medical importance, primarily due to their ability to transmit the Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus. While H. marginatum is endemic in Southern Europe, H. rufipes maintains viable populations exclusively in Africa. Nevertheless, adult specimens of both tick species are frequently detected in non-endemic regions of Europe. This phenomenon is primarily driven by bird migration, during which these two-host ticks can be transported over great distances. To enhance our understanding of the role of birds in the dispersal of Hyalomma ticks and their potential contribution to the passive transmission of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, this mini review was compiled. By synthesizing relevant articles, the summary aims to contribute to a more precise understanding of the phenomenon. According to our findings, the relationship between bird-transported Hyalomma species and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever is highly complex from an eco-epidemiological perspective. A better understanding of the direct association between migratory birds and the virus, as well as the mechanisms of viral persistence and transmission, is essential for developing effective risk assessment strategies.