解决慢性肾病患者心血管死亡趋势中代表性不足的因素:呼吁采取综合干预策略

IF 2.3 3区 医学 Q2 CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS
Shaher Yar, Zahin Shahriar, Sumaiya Ahmed, Muhammad Shehzad Asif
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引用次数: 0

摘要

我饶有兴趣地阅读了Ahmad等人对1999年至2020年慢性肾脏疾病(CKD)患者心血管死亡率趋势的全面回顾性分析[10]。虽然作者出色地记录了心血管死亡率的人口差异和时间模式,但他们的工作强调了几个值得进一步讨论的关键差距,特别是关于循证干预措施的利用不足和新兴治疗范式对CKD患者心血管结局的影响。研究期间(1999 - 2020年)捕获了CKD管理的变革时代,但作者没有充分说明新疗法的引入如何解释某些死亡率趋势。2024年KDIGO指南现在强调SGLT2抑制剂作为基础治疗,在CKD人群中显示出显着的心血管益处。最近的荟萃分析表明,SGLT2抑制剂可使CKD患者的主要不良心血管事件减少9% - 14%,对心力衰竭住院和心血管死亡的影响尤其明显。类似地,非甾体矿物皮质激素受体拮抗剂(MRAs)的出现,如芬烯酮,已经彻底改变了ckd心血管护理。合并FIDELITY分析显示,心血管死亡、心肌梗死、中风和心力衰竭住院率降低14%,CKD进展率降低23%。这些治疗方面的进步,在研究结束时被引入,可能有助于艾哈迈德等人观察到的死亡率的稳定。作者记录的显著的种族和地理差异反映了超越人口危险因素的更深层次的医疗保健获取问题。研究表明,低收入地区高达98%的肾衰竭患者无法获得肾脏替代治疗,而高收入国家的这一比例为30%。在美国,这些差异表现为获得肾病护理的机会不同,农村和少数民族人口在专家转诊方面出现延误,获得循证治疗的机会减少[10]。作者观察到,非大都市地区表现出更高的年龄调整死亡率(每10万人8.6比8.1),这强调了医疗基础设施在心血管结局中的关键作用。研究表明,在资源有限的地区,只有不到三分之一的社区医疗机构能够获得CKD监测的基本诊断,这进一步导致了干预延迟和预后不良。研究期将于2020年结束,涵盖COVID-19大流行的早期影响。最近的证据表明,COVID-19显著增加了CKD患者的心血管风险,与非CKD患者相比,30天内心血管死亡风险增加了两倍,总体风险增加了64%。这种大流行的影响可能影响了2020年观察到的死亡率趋势,是分析中未解决的一个重要混杂因素。Ahmad等人观察到的稳定的死亡率趋势与一般人群中心血管死亡率的下降形成鲜明对比,表明CKD患者并没有从心血管护理的进步中同等受益。这种差异强调了几个紧迫的优先事项:首先,需要实施科学研究来优化循证治疗的提供。研究表明,SGLT2抑制剂、MRAs和RAAS抑制剂联合治疗可以提供额外的心血管保护,但摄取仍然不是最佳的。其次,作者确定的针对高危人群的有针对性的干预措施至关重要。非西班牙裔黑人或非洲裔美国患者的死亡率明显较高(15.37 / 10万),这需要适应文化的心血管风险降低计划和改善专科护理的可及性。第三,医疗保健系统必须解决CKD患者心血管结局的地理和种族差异造成的基础设施差距。Ahmad等人对CKD患者心血管疾病死亡率趋势提供了有价值的流行病学见解。然而,他们记录的稳定死亡率,与一般人群的改善相比,强调了迫切需要全面的干预策略,以解决治疗利用不足、医疗保健获取障碍和系统实施循证护理的问题。只有通过这种多方面的方法,我们才有希望改善数百万患有慢性肾病的美国人的心血管预后。Shaher Yar构思、撰写并修改了手稿。Zahin Shahriar博士对手稿进行了验证、编辑和编辑。Sumaiya Ahmed博士审阅了手稿。Muhammad Shehzad Asif博士监督了这项研究。作者声明无利益冲突。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Addressing Underrepresented Factors in Cardiovascular Mortality Trends Among Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Call for Comprehensive Intervention Strategies

I read with great interest the comprehensive retrospective analysis by Ahmad et al. examining cardiovascular mortality trends in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients from 1999 to 2020 [1]. While the authors excellently document demographic disparities and temporal patterns in cardiovascular mortality, their work highlights several critical gaps that warrant further discussion, particularly regarding the underutilization of evidence-based interventions and the impact of emerging therapeutic paradigms on cardiovascular outcomes in CKD patients.

The study period (1999−2020) captures a transformative era in CKD management, yet the authors do not adequately address how the introduction of novel therapies may explain certain mortality trends. The 2024 KDIGO guidelines now emphasize SGLT2 inhibitors as cornerstone therapy, showing remarkable cardiovascular benefits in CKD populations [2]. Recent meta-analyses demonstrate that SGLT2 inhibitors reduce major adverse cardiovascular events by 9%−14% in CKD patients, with particularly strong effects on heart failure hospitalization and cardiovascular death [3].

Similarly, the emergence of non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) like finerenone has revolutionized CKD-cardiovascular care. The pooled FIDELITY analysis demonstrated a 14% reduction in cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure hospitalization, with a 23% reduction in CKD progression [4]. These therapeutic advances, introduced toward the end of the study period, likely contributed to the stabilization of mortality rates observed by Ahmad et al.

The significant racial and geographic disparities documented by the authors reflect deeper healthcare access issues that extend beyond demographic risk factors. Research demonstrates that up to 98% of people with kidney failure in low-income regions cannot access kidney replacement therapy, compared to 30% in high-income countries [5]. Within the United States, these disparities manifest as differential access to nephrology care, with rural and minority populations experiencing delays in specialist referral and reduced access to evidence-based therapies [6].

The authors' observation that non-metropolitan areas exhibited higher age-adjusted mortality rates (8.6 vs. 8.1 per 100 000) underscores the critical role of healthcare infrastructure in cardiovascular outcomes. Studies show that less than one-third of community healthcare settings in resource-limited areas can access essential diagnostics for CKD monitoring, further contributing to delayed intervention and poor outcomes [5].

The study period concludes in 2020, capturing the early COVID-19 pandemic impact. Recent evidence demonstrates that COVID-19 significantly amplifies cardiovascular risk in CKD patients, with a twofold increased risk of cardiovascular death within 30 days and a 64% increased risk overall compared to non-CKD patients. This pandemic effect may have influenced the mortality trends observed in 2020 and represents an important confounding factor not addressed in the analysis.

The stable mortality trends observed by Ahmad et al. contrast sharply with the declining cardiovascular mortality in the general population, suggesting that CKD patients are not benefiting equally from advances in cardiovascular care. This disparity emphasizes several urgent priorities:

First, implementation science research is needed to optimize the delivery of evidence-based therapies. Studies show that combination therapy with SGLT2 inhibitors, MRAs, and RAAS inhibitors can provide additive cardiovascular protection, yet uptake remains suboptimal.

Second, targeted interventions for high-risk populations identified by the authors are essential. The significantly higher mortality rates in Non-Hispanic Black or African American patients (15.37 per 100 000) demand culturally adapted cardiovascular risk reduction programs and improved access to specialty care.

Third, the healthcare system must address the fundamental infrastructure gaps that perpetuate geographic and racial disparities in cardiovascular outcomes among CKD patients.

Ahmad et al. provide valuable epidemiological insights into cardiovascular mortality trends in CKD patients. However, the stable mortality rates they document, contrasting with improvements in the general population, underscore the urgent need for comprehensive intervention strategies that address therapeutic underutilization, healthcare access barriers, and systematic implementation of evidence-based care. Only through such multifaceted approaches can we hope to improve cardiovascular outcomes for the millions of Americans living with CKD.

Dr. Shaher Yar conceived, wrote, and revised the manuscript. Dr. Zahin Shahriar validated, edited, & compiled the manuscript. Dr. Sumaiya Ahmed reviewed the manuscript. Dr. Muhammad Shehzad Asif supervised the research.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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来源期刊
Clinical Cardiology
Clinical Cardiology 医学-心血管系统
CiteScore
5.10
自引率
3.70%
发文量
189
审稿时长
4-8 weeks
期刊介绍: Clinical Cardiology provides a fully Gold Open Access forum for the publication of original clinical research, as well as brief reviews of diagnostic and therapeutic issues in cardiovascular medicine and cardiovascular surgery. The journal includes Clinical Investigations, Reviews, free standing editorials and commentaries, and bonus online-only content. The journal also publishes supplements, Expert Panel Discussions, sponsored clinical Reviews, Trial Designs, and Quality and Outcomes.
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