An early warning method for water and mud inrush in deep-buried tunnels using integrated geophysical field techniques

Early warning of water and mud inrush disasters in deep buried tunnels is of great significance for disaster prevention and control. This study proposes an early warning method for water and mud inrush in deep-buried tunnels using integrated geophysical field techniques. Based on multi-physical field advanced geological prediction, we innovatively established an indicator system integrating surrounding rock stress anomalies, P-wave velocities, S-wave velocities, apparent resistivity, Drilling jamming frequency, and drilling water outflow. Secondly, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to obtain the weights of each indicator. By integrating multiple physical field data using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method, early warning of water and mud inrush has been achieved. Finally, taking Changyu Village Tunnel as an example, the effectiveness of the method was verified. The results showed that the accuracy of risk identification in six tunnel sections reached 100%, which is highly consistent with the occurrence of on-site disasters. The weight sensitivity analysis found that apparent resistivity and S-wave velocity are the core factors in early warning of water and mud inrush disasters. The research results of this article provide new ideas for the risk assessment of water and mud inrush in deep buried tunnels.