Extraction methods, physiological activities, and applications of rose residue and its bioactive components: A comprehensive review

The urgent need for sustainable management of rose processing residues stems from their dual environmental burden and underutilized bioactive potential. Existing studies have primarily focused on the extraction of single components from rose byproducts, but there is a lack of comprehensive methods to optimize the efficiency and purity of bioactive components in complex rose residues. This study addresses this gap by providing a comprehensive review of the extraction methods and physiological characteristics of rose residues and their bioactive components, comparing the advantages and disadvantages of different extraction methods. Particular emphasis is placed on the significant performance of cascade extraction methods in enhancing the efficiency and purity of target compounds. Building on this foundation, the potential value of rose residues for high-value applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and energy production is further explored. In summary, this article aims to provide a robust theoretical framework for the rational utilization of rose residues and to explore their application potential in diverse fields.