Implementation of screening and assessment tools for diagnosing opioid use disorder: A systematic review

Introduction

As the prevalence of opioid use disorder (OUD) continues to rise, early detection by medical professionals can often be the first step in linking individuals to treatment. This systematic review was designed to identify implemented OUD screening and assessment tools with studies published from January 2019 through June 2024, uncover common themes associated with implementation, and determine if these tools were recommended in clinical practice.

Methods

A systematic literature search was conducted within PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science using the keywords ‘opioid use disorder,’ ‘documentation,’ and ‘screening assessment tool.’ Three investigators independently reviewed titles, abstracts, and full-text articles for inclusion and exclusion criteria and inclusion within the study. The Johns Hopkins Evidence-Based Practice model was used to appraise evidence level, quality, and common themes.

Results

The initial literature search yielded 914 articles for review, with 19 remaining in the final selection. Of the 19 articles, 15 provided quantitative results of an implemented OUD screening or assessment tool, and 4 offered qualitative results about the value of implemented tools within a clinical practice. 15 of the articles recommended a screening or diagnostic assessment tool. Key themes included the insufficiency of a single assessment tool, inconsistent documentation of OUD diagnoses and symptoms, and variable tool completion.

Conclusion

Diagnosing OUD is complex and dynamic. This review highlights the value of screening and assessment tools in identifying individuals and initiating opioid use-related care. Future research should explore implementing artificial intelligence and patient-centered care to assist with OUD screening and assessment.