Algae-powered innovation: A critical review of sustainable textile dyeing and functionalization strategies

The textile industry is under increasing scrutiny for its environmental impact, standing out as one of the largest contributors to pollution. In response, pursuing sustainable production practices, through the adoption of eco-friendly materials and sustainable processes, is essential for shaping a more sustainable future. Marine algae have emerged as promising natural alternatives for textile dyeing and functionalization, offering a renewable source of bioactive compounds and biopolymers. This review addresses some sustainable extraction techniques to obtain these valuable compounds and examines their application in developing eco-friendly textile products. It explores algae-derived dyes as alternatives for textile colouration, assessing their fastness properties and the impact of mordents in enhancing dye uptake and durability. Additionally, the review investigates algae-based textile functionalization, which endows textiles with functional properties such as carbon dioxide capture, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, UV-blocking, anti-allergy and wound-healing capabilities. Despite the promising advantages, the article also discusses the challenges associated with scaling algae-based solutions for commercial use. By addressing both the potential and limitations, this review highlights the increasing importance of algae-based solutions in promoting sustainability within the textile industry, fostering the development of more eco-friendly production methods.