Advances of nanotechnology in fabric and clothing

Nanotechnology is swiftly transforming the textile business by bringing innovative materials and treatments that improve performance, comfort, and usefulness. The integration of nanoscale elements, including nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nanocoatings, has endowed textile goods with enhanced characteristics such as antibacterial qualities, UV protection, stain resistance, water repellency, and self-cleaning capabilities. This research examines the diverse spectrum of nanomaterials—including metal oxides, carbon-based nanomaterials, clay, and silicon-based nanoparticles—and their utilization in textiles to address the changing requirements of fashion, healthcare, military, athletic, and protective apparel. It examines manufacturing techniques, including electrospinning and nanocoating technologies such as sol-gel, plasma polymerization, and layer-by-layer deposition, which provide great durability while maintaining comfort and aesthetics. The advent of smart and wearable textiles, which can detect and react to environmental or physiological alterations, represents a significant advancement in functional and intelligent apparel. Nanotechnology has several advantages; yet, it also poses obstacles, including expense, scalability, potential health risks, and environmental consequences. This study assesses the scientific, industrial, and practical progress in nano-fabrics and proposes avenues for further research and sustainable integration. The revolutionary promise of nanotechnology in textiles is unequivocal, heralding a new age of high-performance, multifunctional materials.