Green and sustainable utilization of underutilized exudate gums from the Himalayan region: Advances in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications

Exudate gums-natural polysaccharides secreted by trees and shrubs under stress-are widely utilized in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries due to their diverse functional properties. However, exudate gums sourced from the Himalayan region remain largely underutilized and underexplored. This review uniquely focuses on the green and sustainable utilization of Himalayan exudate gums such as gum ghatti, karaya, kondagogu, and tragacanth, which are rich in bioactive compounds. Unlike conventional reviews, it critically compiles recent findings on their nutraceutical and pharmacological potentials, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-diabetic activities. The review further emphasizes their low toxicity, biodegradability, cost-effectiveness, and applicability as eco-friendly additives in functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and biomedical fields. Importantly, it discusses novel advancements in modification technologies and synergistic blending with other hydrocolloids-that have significantly enhanced the functional, rheological, and bioactive attributes of exudate gums. These technological interventions have expanded their applicability in emerging areas like controlled drug delivery, tissue engineering, and sustainable packaging. Additionally, the review highlights the potential of commercializing these undervalued biopolymers to contribute to food security and regional economic development. By consolidating evidence from studies conducted between 2010 and 2025, this work provides a comprehensive roadmap for advancing research and promoting the sustainable industrial application of Himalayan exudate gums.