Who protects the protected? Rethinking public engagement on Greece's Natura 2000 beaches

Europe's Natura 2000 (N2k) network safeguards biodiversity, yet public awareness of its coastal sites, especially beaches, remains limited. Many of these areas lack formal management and are subject to seasonal tourism pressures, with minimal conservation outreach outside the bathing period. This study investigates whether public disengagement stems from indifference or simply a lack of awareness. Using data from 14 protected beaches in Greece, we analyzed visitor familiarity with N2k, satisfaction with the site, and willingness to support its protection. Applying CATPCA, cluster analysis, and Cramer's V, we identified two visitor profiles. Profile 1 had low awareness and minimal understanding of protection measures, calling for foundational education and signage. Profile 2 showed higher awareness but limited understanding of conservation restrictions, suggesting a need for participatory and experiential tools. Tailoring outreach to these profiles can enhance environmental education and public engagement, strengthening citizen-supported conservation in under-managed coastal N2k sites.