How early beliefs about brilliance shape gender gaps

Why do gender gaps persist in many of the most prestigious fields and careers? An emerging theory highlights the role of two interrelated ‘brilliance beliefs’: the idea that success in certain fields requires exceptional intellectual ability, alongside the stereotype that brilliance is more common in men than in women. This review synthesizes growing evidence that these brilliance beliefs take root in early childhood, and outlines the psychological processes through which they work in tandem to discourage girls’ participation. I discuss promising approaches that can interrupt these beliefs, as well as their consequences, before they become deeply entrenched. Addressing brilliance beliefs in early childhood is a critical step toward breaking cycles of exclusion and fostering equity.