A green electrochemical sensor for p-nitrophenol based on a reduced graphene oxide/β-cyclodextrin/gold nanoparticle/polyoxometalate nanohybrid†

This study presents the development of a novel and green electrochemical sensor based on a reduced graphene oxide/β-cyclodextrin/gold nanoparticle/polyoxometalate (RGO-CD-AuNP-POM) nanohybrid for the detection of p-nitrophenol (p-NP). The sensor leverages the synergistic effects of these components to enhance sensitivity and selectivity. The electrochemical measurement results showed a detection limit of 73.6 nM and a linear range from 0.1 to 500 μM for p-NP using the proposed electrode. In addition, the sensor demonstrated excellent reproducibility, stability and anti-interference in multiple measurements, and it was successfully applied to detect p-NP in real water samples with 92.86–116.00% recovery. This study highlights the potential of the proposed sensor for rapid and sensitive detection of nitrophenol compounds in environmental monitoring.