Bioresorbable TPMS polymeric scaffolds for bone regeneration

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) addresses limitations of traditional bone grafts by using synthetic scaffolds with or without growth factors to regenerate critical-sized defects. New generation scaffolds are produced with a biomimetic approach to simulate bone structure and support cellular functions. This review explores the potential of Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) scaffolds made from bioresorbable polymers for BTE applications. TPMS scaffolds are designed to mimic the complex geometry of natural bone, offering a balance between mechanical strength and porosity that promotes nutrient flow and cell proliferation. This review discusses the limitations of traditional scaffold materials and fabrication methods, emphasising the advantages of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies in creating high-resolution, customisable scaffolds. The paper delves into the design principles, material choices, and clinical applications of TPMS scaffolds, with a focus on their mechanical and biological performance. It also addresses the challenges in manufacturing high-fidelity TPMS scaffolds and the need for further research to optimise their design for clinical use. The review concludes by outlining future directions for the development of TPMS scaffolds, aiming to improve their efficacy in bone regeneration and their potential for clinical translation.