Recent Advances in Nanostructured Materials: Applications in Biosensors, Gas Sensors, and Chemical Sensors

Nanostructured materials (NSMs) have gained prominence in technological advancements due to their flexible physical, chemical, and biological properties with enhanced performance over their bulk counterparts. NSMs are categorized depending on their size, composition, shape, and origin. The aim of this review is to comprehensively examine the utilization of nanomaterials (NMs) in sensing and detection applications, specifically focusing on gas sensors, biosensors, and chemical sensors. Studying into the fundamental aspects, this review article explores the principles, basics, and mechanisms of gas sensor, biosensor, and the chemical sensor. It provides a detailed overview of various types of gas sensors, emphasizing the important role played by nanostructures in enhancing sensing capabilities. Additionally, the integration of NMs in biosensors is discussed, with a spotlight on biomedical applications. The review also addresses their application in chemical sensors, highlighting the mechanisms involved and exploring emerging trends. The synthesis methods, characterization techniques, challenges, and opportunities associated with the fabrication of NSMs are precisely examined. Through case studies, real-world applications are showcased, underscoring the successes and innovations achieved. This review highlights the pivotal role of nanostructured hard materials in advancing sensing and detection technologies while outlining potential directions for future research in the field.