Emerging research insights and future perspectives on the advancement of eccDNA: A comprehensive review

Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is a class of chromosome-independent circular DNA molecules found in diverse organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. Recent research has highlighted its roles in gene regulation, genome stability, and disease pathogenesis, with growing recognition of eccDNA as a valuable biomarker for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring in precision medicine. Studies have also linked eccDNA to non-neoplastic diseases and normal tissue biology, broadening its biological significance beyond malignancies. Technological advancements have greatly enhanced the detection and characterization of eccDNA, enabling a better understanding of its formation, diversity, and functions. In agriculture, eccDNA research has shown potential applications for improving livestock productivity and health management. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of eccDNA research, focusing on its formation mechanisms, classification, biological functions, and implications in both disease and agriculture. Despite significant progress, challenges remain in fully understanding the biological roles, formation processes, and practical applications of eccDNA. Future research should adopt interdisciplinary approaches that integrate genomics, bioinformatics, and material science to further elucidate the complexities of eccDNA. By advancing our knowledge of eccDNA, researchers may unlock novel diagnostic, therapeutic, and biotechnological innovations, particularly in cancer treatment and livestock breeding programs.