Zirconium-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction

Photocatalytic carbon dioxide (CO₂) reduction shows great potential as an important approach to tackling global energy and environmental challenges. In recent years, zirconium-based metal–organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs), as an emerging class of crystalline porous solid materials, have attracted much attention in the field of photocatalytic CO₂ reduction due to their unique tailorable structures, high surface areas, and exceptional stability. In this Review, we first provide an in-depth discussion on the semiconductor-like behavior of Zr-MOFs and their fundamental mechanisms in photocatalytic CO₂ reduction. Subsequently, we systematically summarize current frontier strategies for enhancing the photocatalytic activity of Zr-MOFs, which include but are not limited to improving light absorption and utilization efficiency, promoting effective separation and transportation of photogenerated charges, and optimizing the surface redox reaction process. Furthermore, we elaborate on some advanced characterization techniques that can precisely track reaction intermediates and profoundly reveal the photocatalytic reaction kinetics within the Zr-MOF system. Finally, we propose possible future challenges and potential research directions for the development of Zr-MOFs in photocatalytic CO₂ reduction, aiming to provide valuable insights for researchers in related fields.