Salim Youssef , Benjamin Fischer , Garen-Ohan Gregorian , Toni Wendler , Philipp Rolzhäuser , Ahmad Hamedy , Pierre Hepp , Stefan Schleifenbaum , Peter Melcher , Yasmin Youssef , Jan Theopold
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Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's post hoc test.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Human semitendinosus tendons (26.59 cm, 18.98 mm<sup>2</sup>) exhibited the highest tensile strength (38.64 MPa) and an elastic modulus of 518.27 MPa. Porcine foreleg-extensors had comparable cross-sectional area (14.99 mm<sup>2</sup>), tensile strength (32.26 MPa), and elastic modulus (550.96 MPa) but were shorter (23.08 cm). Hindleg-flexors showed a similar length (25.81 cm) and elastic modulus (610.19 MPa) but lower tensile strength (28.13 MPa) and a substantially larger cross-sectional area (71.91 mm<sup>2</sup>). Hindleg-extensors were shorter (22.62 cm) with smaller cross-sectional area (11.20 mm<sup>2</sup>) but exhibited tensile strength (38.82 MPa) and elastic modulus (668.83 MPa) similar to those of the human tendons. Foreleg-flexors were shortest (17.07 cm), with the largest cross-sectional area (112.74 mm<sup>2</sup>), lowest tensile strength (18.82 MPa), and elastic modulus (155.70 MPa).</div></div><div><h3>Interpretation</h3><div>Despite differences in morphology, the material properties of tendons were largely consistent. Foreleg-extensors were identified as the most suitable semitendinosus surrogates due to their comparable material and morphological properties. Due to their distinct morphology, foreleg-flexors tendons are least suitable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50992,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Biomechanics","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 106655"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Porcine tendons as surrogates for human semitendinosus tendons – A biomechanical study\",\"authors\":\"Salim Youssef , Benjamin Fischer , Garen-Ohan Gregorian , Toni Wendler , Philipp Rolzhäuser , Ahmad Hamedy , Pierre Hepp , Stefan Schleifenbaum , Peter Melcher , Yasmin Youssef , Jan Theopold\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106655\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Porcine tendons are frequently used as surrogates for human semitendinosus tendons in biomechanical studies, yet their comparability remains unexplored.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study evaluates and compares the morphological and biomechanical properties of different porcine tendons (foreleg-extensors (<em>n</em> = 10), foreleg-flexors (n = 10), hindleg-extensors (n = 10) and hindleg-flexors (n = 10)) with those of human semitendinosus tendons (<em>n</em> = 13). Tendon length and cross-sectional area were measured, and maximum load, tensile strength, stiffness, and elastic modulus were determined using uniaxial testing. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's post hoc test.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Human semitendinosus tendons (26.59 cm, 18.98 mm<sup>2</sup>) exhibited the highest tensile strength (38.64 MPa) and an elastic modulus of 518.27 MPa. Porcine foreleg-extensors had comparable cross-sectional area (14.99 mm<sup>2</sup>), tensile strength (32.26 MPa), and elastic modulus (550.96 MPa) but were shorter (23.08 cm). Hindleg-flexors showed a similar length (25.81 cm) and elastic modulus (610.19 MPa) but lower tensile strength (28.13 MPa) and a substantially larger cross-sectional area (71.91 mm<sup>2</sup>). Hindleg-extensors were shorter (22.62 cm) with smaller cross-sectional area (11.20 mm<sup>2</sup>) but exhibited tensile strength (38.82 MPa) and elastic modulus (668.83 MPa) similar to those of the human tendons. Foreleg-flexors were shortest (17.07 cm), with the largest cross-sectional area (112.74 mm<sup>2</sup>), lowest tensile strength (18.82 MPa), and elastic modulus (155.70 MPa).</div></div><div><h3>Interpretation</h3><div>Despite differences in morphology, the material properties of tendons were largely consistent. Foreleg-extensors were identified as the most suitable semitendinosus surrogates due to their comparable material and morphological properties. 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Porcine tendons as surrogates for human semitendinosus tendons – A biomechanical study
Background
Porcine tendons are frequently used as surrogates for human semitendinosus tendons in biomechanical studies, yet their comparability remains unexplored.
Methods
This study evaluates and compares the morphological and biomechanical properties of different porcine tendons (foreleg-extensors (n = 10), foreleg-flexors (n = 10), hindleg-extensors (n = 10) and hindleg-flexors (n = 10)) with those of human semitendinosus tendons (n = 13). Tendon length and cross-sectional area were measured, and maximum load, tensile strength, stiffness, and elastic modulus were determined using uniaxial testing. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's post hoc test.
Findings
Human semitendinosus tendons (26.59 cm, 18.98 mm2) exhibited the highest tensile strength (38.64 MPa) and an elastic modulus of 518.27 MPa. Porcine foreleg-extensors had comparable cross-sectional area (14.99 mm2), tensile strength (32.26 MPa), and elastic modulus (550.96 MPa) but were shorter (23.08 cm). Hindleg-flexors showed a similar length (25.81 cm) and elastic modulus (610.19 MPa) but lower tensile strength (28.13 MPa) and a substantially larger cross-sectional area (71.91 mm2). Hindleg-extensors were shorter (22.62 cm) with smaller cross-sectional area (11.20 mm2) but exhibited tensile strength (38.82 MPa) and elastic modulus (668.83 MPa) similar to those of the human tendons. Foreleg-flexors were shortest (17.07 cm), with the largest cross-sectional area (112.74 mm2), lowest tensile strength (18.82 MPa), and elastic modulus (155.70 MPa).
Interpretation
Despite differences in morphology, the material properties of tendons were largely consistent. Foreleg-extensors were identified as the most suitable semitendinosus surrogates due to their comparable material and morphological properties. Due to their distinct morphology, foreleg-flexors tendons are least suitable.
期刊介绍:
Clinical Biomechanics is an international multidisciplinary journal of biomechanics with a focus on medical and clinical applications of new knowledge in the field.
The science of biomechanics helps explain the causes of cell, tissue, organ and body system disorders, and supports clinicians in the diagnosis, prognosis and evaluation of treatment methods and technologies. Clinical Biomechanics aims to strengthen the links between laboratory and clinic by publishing cutting-edge biomechanics research which helps to explain the causes of injury and disease, and which provides evidence contributing to improved clinical management.
A rigorous peer review system is employed and every attempt is made to process and publish top-quality papers promptly.
Clinical Biomechanics explores all facets of body system, organ, tissue and cell biomechanics, with an emphasis on medical and clinical applications of the basic science aspects. The role of basic science is therefore recognized in a medical or clinical context. The readership of the journal closely reflects its multi-disciplinary contents, being a balance of scientists, engineers and clinicians.
The contents are in the form of research papers, brief reports, review papers and correspondence, whilst special interest issues and supplements are published from time to time.
Disciplines covered include biomechanics and mechanobiology at all scales, bioengineering and use of tissue engineering and biomaterials for clinical applications, biophysics, as well as biomechanical aspects of medical robotics, ergonomics, physical and occupational therapeutics and rehabilitation.