A comprehensive review of hydrogen integration in advanced engine modes

The pursuit of sustainable energy solutions on a global scale has heightened the exploration of alternative fuels, aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and lessening dependence on fossil fuels. Hydrogen, known for its high energy content and environmentally friendly combustion properties, has emerged as a promising contender for addressing these challenges. When used as a fuel source, hydrogen offers the potential to achieve zero carbon emissions, positioning it as a pivotal element in the shift towards a sustainable energy landscape. Incorporating hydrogen into internal combustion engines (ICEs) has opened avenues for advancing sophisticated combustion modes. These novel modes optimize hydrogen utilization and improve engine efficiency, performance, and ecological sustainability. This article delves into various cutting-edge combustion technologies that harness hydrogen as a primary fuel source, including conventional modes such as dual fuel and advanced modes such as reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI), homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI), and gasoline compression ignition (GCI). These advanced modes represent significant progress in the development of hydrogen-fueled engine technology. Each mode offers unique advantages and faces specific challenges. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of these technologies, examining their benefits, limitations, and future research directions necessary to realize the full potential of hydrogen in advanced combustion engines.