从多肽到丝蛋白:功能性生物材料的自组装系统

IF 14.7 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Simon Sau Yin Law*, Ali D. Malay and Keiji Numata*, 
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引用次数: 0

摘要

多肽和蛋白质虽然都是由氨基酸组成的,但它们在结构和功能上的复杂性有很大的不同。肽通常是较短链的氨基酸,通常采用简单的二级结构,如α-螺旋或β-片。然而,它们很少形成复杂的三级和四级结构,这是蛋白质的特征。蛋白质由较长的多肽链组成,具有复杂的折叠模式,通过各种相互作用稳定,包括氢键、二硫键和疏水相互作用。这种结构的复杂性使蛋白质能够执行高度专业化的生物功能,如酶催化、信号转导和结构支持。肽和蛋白质都具有自我组装的能力,通过氢键、静电力和疏水相互作用等非共价相互作用形成高阶结构。特别是,肽功能组件还具有各种作用,例如药物传递,生物传感器,细胞内调节和结构支架。根据它们的序列,它们可以表现出抗氧化、抗菌、受体靶向或酶抑制特性。多肽在开发水凝胶和纳米材料等生物材料方面也起着至关重要的作用,这些材料在生物医学和工程领域都有广泛的应用。研究人员已经探索了基于肽的水凝胶、纳米颗粒和支架的设计,它们可以模拟细胞外基质,促进细胞生长和组织再生。多肽与其他生物材料的结合也为控制药物释放和抗菌涂层带来了创新的解决方案。在蛋白质中,自组装对生物功能至关重要,多蛋白复合物的形成就是例证。这些复合物对许多生物过程至关重要,包括结构支架、细胞信号传导和免疫反应。在结构蛋白组合中,蚕丝因其优异的机械性能、生物相容性和可持续性而受到广泛关注。蚕丝纤维采用由结晶β片域和非晶区穿插而成的分层结构。这种独特的排列赋予了丝绸优越的强度、弹性和韧性,使丝绸成为一种用途广泛的通用材料。传统上用于纺织品,丝绸最近成为一种有前途的生物材料,用于医疗领域。它能够形成各种材料形式,包括纤维、薄膜和水凝胶,这使得药物输送、伤口愈合和再生医学取得了进步。重组丝和肽工程领域的不断扩大为可持续生物工程和生物材料的发展带来了巨大的希望。合成生物学和基因工程的进步使得利用微生物表达系统大规模生产丝蛋白和功能肽成为可能。这一进展不仅减少了对传统丝绸生产的依赖,而且扩大了具有定制特性的工程新型生物材料的可能性。随着这一领域研究的深入,丝绸材料和功能肽在医疗保健、材料科学和环境可持续性方面的潜在应用有望增长,为生物技术和医学的突破性创新铺平道路。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
From Peptides to Silk-Inspired Proteins: Self-Assembling Systems for Functional Biomaterials

Peptides and proteins, though both composed of amino acids, differ significantly in their structural and functional complexity. Peptides are generally shorter chains of amino acids and typically adopt simple secondary structures, such as α-helices or β-sheets. However, they rarely develop the intricate tertiary and quaternary structures that are characteristic of proteins. Proteins, which consist of longer polypeptide chains, exhibit complex folding patterns stabilized by various interactions, including hydrogen bonds, disulfide linkages, and hydrophobic interactions. This structural complexity allows proteins to perform highly specialized biological functions, such as enzymatic catalysis, signal transduction, and structural support.

Both peptides and proteins have the ability to undergo self-assembly, forming higher-order structures through noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, electrostatic forces, and hydrophobic interactions. In particular, peptide functional assemblies also serve various roles, such as drug delivery, biosensors, intracellular modulation, and structural scaffolds. Depending on their sequence, they can exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, receptor-targeting, or enzyme-inhibitory properties. Peptides also play a crucial role in developing biomaterials like hydrogels and nanomaterials for various applications in both biomedical and engineering fields. Researchers have explored the design of peptide-based hydrogels, nanoparticles, and scaffolds that can mimic extracellular matrices, facilitating cell growth and tissue regeneration. The combination of peptides with other biomaterials has also led to innovative solutions for controlled drug release and antimicrobial coatings.

In proteins, self-assembly is crucial for biological function, as exemplified by the formation of multiprotein complexes. These complexes are essential for many biological processes, including structural scaffolds, cellular signaling and immune responses. Among structural protein assemblies, silk has gained significant attention due to its exceptional mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and sustainability. Silk fibers adopt a hierarchical structure comprising crystalline β-sheet domains interspersed with amorphous regions. This unique arrangement imparts superior strength, elasticity, and toughness, making silk a versatile material for a wide range of applications. Traditionally used in textiles, silk has recently emerged as a promising biomaterial building block in the medical field. Its ability to form various material formats, including fibers, films, and hydrogels, has enabled advancements in drug delivery, wound healing, and regenerative medicine.

The expanding field of recombinant silk and peptide engineering holds tremendous promise for sustainable bioengineering and biomaterial development. Advances in synthetic biology and genetic engineering have enabled the mass production of silk-inspired proteins and functional peptides using microbial expression systems. This progress not only reduces reliance on traditional silk production but also expands the possibilities for engineering novel biomaterials with tailored properties. As research in this field continues, the potential applications of silk materials and functional peptides in healthcare, material science, and environmental sustainability are expected to grow, paving the way for groundbreaking innovations in biotechnology and medicine.

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