Evaluation of Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity of Fenitrothion on Ultrastructural, Immunohistochemical, Histopathological, and Biochemical Changes: Protective Role of Gallic Acid.

Fenitrothion is a known environmental contaminant used in public health and agriculture. Gallic acid is a phenolic compound found in numerous plants. This study analyzed the hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of Fenitrothion and evaluated the possible protective effect of gallic acid. Fenitrothion (32 mg/kg body weight/day) and gallic acid (50 mg/kg body weight/day) were administered to male rats by gavage for 28 days. In the present study, the renal (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid levels) and liver (albumin, total protein, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, lactate dehydrogenase) function markers in the blood, acetylcholinesterase activities, antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde level as markers of oxidative stress, and ultrastructural/histopathological/immunohistochemically changes were researched in liver and kidney tissues. Additionally, while superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were decreased in the liver and kidney tissue of rats treated with fenitrothion, malondialdehyde level was significantly increased. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses showed many injuries in the renal and hepatic tissue of fenitrothion-treated animals. Also, the supplementation of gallic acid with fenitrothion significantly improved fenitrothion-induced alterations in renal and liver function markers, antioxidant enzyme activities, acetylcholinesterase activities, malondialdehyde levels, and histological features of tissues.