An Updated Method and Algorithm for Computing Improved Ionosonde-Based Sporadic E Layer Parameters

This paper presents an updated, unified methodology for correcting long-standing biases in ionosonde-based measurements of Sporadic E (Es) layer parameters h′Es, foEs, and fbEs. By integrating recent algorithmic advances, a more accurate assessment of the Es layer height and intensity is enabled by the computation of improved parameters hEs, foμEs, and fbμEs, where the last two terms relate to Es metal (μ) ion plasma densities. These improvements are particularly relevant during the daytime when traditional methods are compromised by ambient E-region photoionized plasma. Adoption of these enhancements is strongly encouraged for sporadic E metal ion layer research and operational applications.