Recent developments and emerging methodologies in the pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass

Lignocellulosic biomass offers a sustainable feedstock for bioethanol production, aligning with circular economy principles and enhancing energy security. Pretreatment methods play a crucial role by improving enzymatic access, hydrolysis, and fermentation efficiency, while reducing inhibitory compounds and enhancing cellulose accessibility. These techniques modify biomass structure, making it more conducive to bioconversion, thus improving the economic viability of bioethanol production. This study focuses on recent advancements in pretreatment methodologies for lignocellulosic biomass, elucidating their role in fiber breakdown, biomass conversion enhancement, and polysaccharide hydrolysis. It also examines strategies to reduce lignin content, decrease cellulose crystallinity, and minimize energy consumption during pretreatment. Additionally, the study evaluates physical, chemical, and biological pretreatment methods based on criteria such as economic feasibility, environmental impact, and efficiency. Future research suggestions emphasize the importance of refining pretreatment methods to reduce their environmental impact even further.