Extraction of chitosan from cuttlebone waste of Sepia kobiensis (Hoyle 1885), conversion and anticoagulant property of its sulfated derivative

Sulfated polysaccharides from marine creatures have received a lot of interest for their many biological activities, especially their anticoagulant characteristics. This study aims to extract sulfated polysaccharides from Sepia kobiensis cuttlebone waste and assess their ability to suppress blood clot formation. Polysaccharides were successfully extracted and purified from Sepia kobiensis cuttlebone waste using a well-established and standardized technique that ensured consistency and dependability in yield and composition. Chemical sulfation was used to increase the anticoagulant activity of the isolated polysaccharides. Advanced analytical approaches were used for structural characterisation, such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In vitro tests, such as activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT) and thromboplastin time (TT), showed that sulfated polysaccharides dramatically delayed clotting durations when compared to Heparin. The extracted sulfated polysaccharides, in particular, demonstrated dose-dependent anticoagulant action, with APTT, PT, and TT values equivalent to or slightly lower than heparin. These findings demonstrate the intrinsic anticoagulant effects of sulfated polysaccharides produced from cuttlebone waste. This work indicates the feasibility of using Sepia kobiensis cuttlebone waste as a source of physiologically active sulfated polysaccharides, encouraging both sustainable waste management and the discovery of novel anticoagulants.