Cindy L. Von Haugg, Robert F. Baldwin, Beau A. Bauer, Andrew S. Bridges, Ernie P. Wiggers, Donald L. Hagan, James T. Anderson
{"title":"南卡罗来纳森林类型中适合筑巢的木鸭的自然树洞的出现","authors":"Cindy L. Von Haugg, Robert F. Baldwin, Beau A. Bauer, Andrew S. Bridges, Ernie P. Wiggers, Donald L. Hagan, James T. Anderson","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.70059","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wood ducks (<i>Aix sponsa</i>) are common year-round residents of wetlands throughout the southeastern United States. Evidence suggests >90% of the North American wood duck population nests in natural tree cavities rather than in artificial nest boxes. However, few studies have investigated the occurrence of these cavities, particularly across the wood duck's southern breeding range. We aimed to determine forest and tree characteristics associated with the presence of cavities suitable for wood duck nesting and model densities of potential nesting cavities within our study area. We established 20-m-radius plots (<i>n</i> = 166) across 5 dominant forest types in South Carolina, USA, and inspected 4,633 trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) > 22 cm for cavities. We identified 225 potential cavities, of which we deemed 69% were cavities and 14% were cavities suitable for nesting wood ducks. We found total cavity and suitable cavity densities at our study sites were greatest in oak (<i>Quercus</i> spp.), gum (<i>Nyssa</i> spp.), and cypress (<i>Taxodium</i> spp.) stands (<i>x̄</i> = 19.35 ± 20.27 [SE] cavities/ha, <i>n</i> = 474,145 and <i>x̄</i> = 4.20 ± 5.12 cavities/ha, <i>n</i> = 102,827, respectively). The best-fit model for cavity presence had a positive effect for site index, DBH (cm), and stand age and a minor negative effect for tree density (km<sup>2</sup>). Results for suitable cavity presence also showed a positive effect for DBH and stand age (years), a negative effect for tree density, and no effect for basal area (m<sup>2</sup>). We used an optimized hot spot analysis using our findings to identify areas with >90% confidence of suitable cavity occurrence, which resulted in 861 ha of area with predicted suitable cavities (1.0% of the total sample area [89,559 ha]). Increasing our understanding of the relative abundance of cavities and cavities suitable for wood duck nesting and the identification of tree and stand metrics that influence the occurrence of cavities and those suitable to wood ducks promotes efficient management of forest and timber harvest practices beneficial to nesting wood ducks.</p>","PeriodicalId":17504,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Management","volume":"89 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jwmg.70059","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Occurrence of natural tree cavities suitable for nesting wood ducks across South Carolina forest types\",\"authors\":\"Cindy L. Von Haugg, Robert F. Baldwin, Beau A. Bauer, Andrew S. Bridges, Ernie P. Wiggers, Donald L. Hagan, James T. Anderson\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/jwmg.70059\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p>Wood ducks (<i>Aix sponsa</i>) are common year-round residents of wetlands throughout the southeastern United States. Evidence suggests >90% of the North American wood duck population nests in natural tree cavities rather than in artificial nest boxes. However, few studies have investigated the occurrence of these cavities, particularly across the wood duck's southern breeding range. We aimed to determine forest and tree characteristics associated with the presence of cavities suitable for wood duck nesting and model densities of potential nesting cavities within our study area. We established 20-m-radius plots (<i>n</i> = 166) across 5 dominant forest types in South Carolina, USA, and inspected 4,633 trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) > 22 cm for cavities. We identified 225 potential cavities, of which we deemed 69% were cavities and 14% were cavities suitable for nesting wood ducks. We found total cavity and suitable cavity densities at our study sites were greatest in oak (<i>Quercus</i> spp.), gum (<i>Nyssa</i> spp.), and cypress (<i>Taxodium</i> spp.) stands (<i>x̄</i> = 19.35 ± 20.27 [SE] cavities/ha, <i>n</i> = 474,145 and <i>x̄</i> = 4.20 ± 5.12 cavities/ha, <i>n</i> = 102,827, respectively). The best-fit model for cavity presence had a positive effect for site index, DBH (cm), and stand age and a minor negative effect for tree density (km<sup>2</sup>). Results for suitable cavity presence also showed a positive effect for DBH and stand age (years), a negative effect for tree density, and no effect for basal area (m<sup>2</sup>). We used an optimized hot spot analysis using our findings to identify areas with >90% confidence of suitable cavity occurrence, which resulted in 861 ha of area with predicted suitable cavities (1.0% of the total sample area [89,559 ha]). Increasing our understanding of the relative abundance of cavities and cavities suitable for wood duck nesting and the identification of tree and stand metrics that influence the occurrence of cavities and those suitable to wood ducks promotes efficient management of forest and timber harvest practices beneficial to nesting wood ducks.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":17504,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Journal of Wildlife Management\",\"volume\":\"89 7\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":1.9000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-06-27\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jwmg.70059\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Journal of Wildlife Management\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"93\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jwmg.70059\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"环境科学与生态学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q3\",\"JCRName\":\"ECOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Wildlife Management","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jwmg.70059","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ECOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Occurrence of natural tree cavities suitable for nesting wood ducks across South Carolina forest types
Wood ducks (Aix sponsa) are common year-round residents of wetlands throughout the southeastern United States. Evidence suggests >90% of the North American wood duck population nests in natural tree cavities rather than in artificial nest boxes. However, few studies have investigated the occurrence of these cavities, particularly across the wood duck's southern breeding range. We aimed to determine forest and tree characteristics associated with the presence of cavities suitable for wood duck nesting and model densities of potential nesting cavities within our study area. We established 20-m-radius plots (n = 166) across 5 dominant forest types in South Carolina, USA, and inspected 4,633 trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) > 22 cm for cavities. We identified 225 potential cavities, of which we deemed 69% were cavities and 14% were cavities suitable for nesting wood ducks. We found total cavity and suitable cavity densities at our study sites were greatest in oak (Quercus spp.), gum (Nyssa spp.), and cypress (Taxodium spp.) stands (x̄ = 19.35 ± 20.27 [SE] cavities/ha, n = 474,145 and x̄ = 4.20 ± 5.12 cavities/ha, n = 102,827, respectively). The best-fit model for cavity presence had a positive effect for site index, DBH (cm), and stand age and a minor negative effect for tree density (km2). Results for suitable cavity presence also showed a positive effect for DBH and stand age (years), a negative effect for tree density, and no effect for basal area (m2). We used an optimized hot spot analysis using our findings to identify areas with >90% confidence of suitable cavity occurrence, which resulted in 861 ha of area with predicted suitable cavities (1.0% of the total sample area [89,559 ha]). Increasing our understanding of the relative abundance of cavities and cavities suitable for wood duck nesting and the identification of tree and stand metrics that influence the occurrence of cavities and those suitable to wood ducks promotes efficient management of forest and timber harvest practices beneficial to nesting wood ducks.
期刊介绍：
The Journal of Wildlife Management publishes manuscripts containing information from original research that contributes to basic wildlife science. Suitable topics include investigations into the biology and ecology of wildlife and their habitats that has direct or indirect implications for wildlife management and conservation. This includes basic information on wildlife habitat use, reproduction, genetics, demographics, viability, predator-prey relationships, space-use, movements, behavior, and physiology; but within the context of contemporary management and conservation issues such that the knowledge may ultimately be useful to wildlife practitioners. Also considered are theoretical and conceptual aspects of wildlife science, including development of new approaches to quantitative analyses, modeling of wildlife populations and habitats, and other topics that are germane to advancing wildlife science. Limited reviews or meta analyses will be considered if they provide a meaningful new synthesis or perspective on an appropriate subject. Direct evaluation of management practices or policies should be sent to the Wildlife Society Bulletin, as should papers reporting new tools or techniques. However, papers that report new tools or techniques, or effects of management practices, within the context of a broader study investigating basic wildlife biology and ecology will be considered by The Journal of Wildlife Management. Book reviews of relevant topics in basic wildlife research and biology.
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