Wettability-Controlled Electrocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction

The electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction (eCO₂RR) offers a promising pathway for converting greenhouse gases into valuable fuels and chemicals using renewable energy. Beyond advancements in catalyst and electrolyzer design, significant opportunities lie in the strategic modulation of the gas–liquid–solid three-phase interface (TPI) on the catalyst surface. After revisiting the evolution from traditional liquid–solid double-phase interfaces to advanced gas–liquid–solid TPIs, this concept outlines major challenges in constructing stable TPIs on eCO₂RR gas diffusion electrodes and reviews recent progress in TPI modulation through hydrophobicity enhancement. Further, achieving a delicate balance between hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity—optimal wettability—is crucial for optimizing TPI construction, and enhancing overall electrocatalytic performance is emphasized. This work provides valuable insights for designing efficient TPIs in eCO₂RR and other gas-involved electrochemical processes, contributing to advancements in sustainable energy technologies.