A Comprehensive Review of Magnetorheological Fluid Clutches: Design, Fluid Properties, and Analysis Approaches

Magnetorheological fluids (MRFs) are a class of smart materials with adjustable rheological properties under external magnetic fields, making them highly suitable for applications such as MRF clutches. In recent years, increasing demand for precise torque control and rapid response has driven extensive research on the modeling, simulation, and optimization of these systems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of MRF clutches, covering their fundamental working principles, design considerations, and investigation approaches. The rheological behavior of MR fluids is examined through both macroscopic and microscopic models, emphasizing their non-Newtonian characteristics. Additionally, structural properties and key parameters influencing MR fluid performance are discussed. The study categorizes MRF simulation and analysis methods into two main approaches: continuum methods, which model the bulk behavior of the fluid using constitutive equations, and discrete methods, which track individual particles to capture microstructural dynamics. Experimental methods and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are reviewed to evaluate their effectiveness in predicting MRF behavior and improving clutch performance. Finally, the study summarizes key findings and highlights future research directions to enhance MRF clutch development and its diverse applications in engineering systems.