Does refrigerator ownership improve household food security for rural residents? Evidence from longitudinal survey data in China

Although a substantial body of research has explored methods to enhance household food security, the role of food storage conditions has received limited attention, despite significant technological advancements in recent decades, particularly in developing countries. Using panel data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, this study investigates the causal effect of refrigerator ownership on household food security and explores the underlying channels. Household food security is measured through dietary diversity and dietary balance indicators. The results show that refrigerator ownership significantly enhances household food security, with particularly pronounced effects among households where the primary food decision-maker is female or has a lower education level, as well as among higher-income households and those located in southern regions. Regarding the underlying channels, refrigerator ownership facilitates the purchase and consumption of perishable foods, reduces their waste, and contributes to a shift in food consumption structure. In addition, we also find that refrigerator ownership is associated with improved nutrient intake. Further analysis of the “Home Appliances Going to the Countryside” policy supports its effectiveness in promoting food storage capacity. In light of these findings, sustained efforts to expand refrigerator access and promote appropriate use are critical, particularly in developing countries where such technologies remain underutilized.