Current developments in niobium carbide (Nb2C) MXenes: Synthesis, properties, electrochemical and optical biosensing application

Since its discovery in 2011, MXene has been the most studied candidate in the 2D material family. Experimentally, over 30 different kinds of MXene have been discovered so far. Their distinct physicochemical properties have made them useful in a large domain, such as photocatalysis, electrochemical and optical biosensing, energy generation, electrochemical energy storage, and catalysis. Among all MXenes, Niobium carbide (Nb₂C) is the most recent MXene member to find suitable applications due to its unique properties, which include being highly compatible, having a wide range of functional groups that can be easily combined, having excellent electrical properties with small or nonexistent band gaps, and having a very efficient in vivo biosensing window. Scientists and researchers are particularly interested in the Nb₂C-MXene because it is one of several non-titanium-based MXenes that are now available. Herein, we summarise the modern progress in the structural properties of Nb₂C-MXene, the accessible synthesis methodologies, and the latest biological sensing applications. However, insufficient research provides a comprehensive understanding of the unique properties and significant biological uses of this innovative 2D material. In light of this, we have compiled a summary of current research on the synthesis and potential future uses of Nb₂C-MXene materials, especially on recent electrochemical, optical, photothermal, gas and humidity biosensors. Last but not least, we summarise the findings and discuss potential future prospects for progressing the efficiency of Nb₂C-MXenes in a range of real-world contexts, highlighting the obstacles along the way.