Soyeon Kim , Fjollë Novakazi , I.C. MariAnne Karlsson
{"title":"有条件自动驾驶是个坏主意吗?对具有多级驾驶自动化的自动驾驶车辆进行的道路研究观察结果","authors":"Soyeon Kim , Fjollë Novakazi , I.C. MariAnne Karlsson","doi":"10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104617","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the increasing adoption of driving automation technologies, vehicles equipped with SAE Level 3 driving automation are becoming available on the market. This study explores drivers’ behaviour when driving conditionally automated vehicles on-road, providing multiple levels of driving automation. Sixteen participants drove a Wizard-of-Oz vehicle offering several levels of automation (Manual, SAE Level 2 and Level 3) on a public highway. Data was collected during driving sessions (observations and think-aloud) and post-driving sessions (in-depth interviews). The results indicate that drivers show errors in mode transitions and mode awareness. These errors include unintended deactivation of Level 2 driving automation, confusion about driving modes after disengaging Level 3 driving automation, and confusion about the current driving mode. These findings highlight a fundamental limitation in the design of automation systems when humans are required to operate multiple modes within a single system, making it challenging to distinguish between them clearly. This ambiguity and lack of understanding affected how drivers interacted with, interpreted, and responded to the automated vehicle. The study provides insights for designing automated vehicles with multiple levels of driving automation, aiming to improve mode awareness and overall safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55502,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ergonomics","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 104617"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Is conditionally automated driving a bad idea? Observations from an on-road study in automated vehicles with multiple levels of driving automation\",\"authors\":\"Soyeon Kim , Fjollë Novakazi , I.C. MariAnne Karlsson\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104617\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><div>With the increasing adoption of driving automation technologies, vehicles equipped with SAE Level 3 driving automation are becoming available on the market. This study explores drivers’ behaviour when driving conditionally automated vehicles on-road, providing multiple levels of driving automation. Sixteen participants drove a Wizard-of-Oz vehicle offering several levels of automation (Manual, SAE Level 2 and Level 3) on a public highway. Data was collected during driving sessions (observations and think-aloud) and post-driving sessions (in-depth interviews). The results indicate that drivers show errors in mode transitions and mode awareness. These errors include unintended deactivation of Level 2 driving automation, confusion about driving modes after disengaging Level 3 driving automation, and confusion about the current driving mode. These findings highlight a fundamental limitation in the design of automation systems when humans are required to operate multiple modes within a single system, making it challenging to distinguish between them clearly. This ambiguity and lack of understanding affected how drivers interacted with, interpreted, and responded to the automated vehicle. The study provides insights for designing automated vehicles with multiple levels of driving automation, aiming to improve mode awareness and overall safety.</div></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":55502,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Applied Ergonomics\",\"volume\":\"129 \",\"pages\":\"Article 104617\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":3.4000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-08-19\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Applied Ergonomics\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"5\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000368702500153X\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"工程技术\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Applied Ergonomics","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000368702500153X","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
Is conditionally automated driving a bad idea? Observations from an on-road study in automated vehicles with multiple levels of driving automation
With the increasing adoption of driving automation technologies, vehicles equipped with SAE Level 3 driving automation are becoming available on the market. This study explores drivers’ behaviour when driving conditionally automated vehicles on-road, providing multiple levels of driving automation. Sixteen participants drove a Wizard-of-Oz vehicle offering several levels of automation (Manual, SAE Level 2 and Level 3) on a public highway. Data was collected during driving sessions (observations and think-aloud) and post-driving sessions (in-depth interviews). The results indicate that drivers show errors in mode transitions and mode awareness. These errors include unintended deactivation of Level 2 driving automation, confusion about driving modes after disengaging Level 3 driving automation, and confusion about the current driving mode. These findings highlight a fundamental limitation in the design of automation systems when humans are required to operate multiple modes within a single system, making it challenging to distinguish between them clearly. This ambiguity and lack of understanding affected how drivers interacted with, interpreted, and responded to the automated vehicle. The study provides insights for designing automated vehicles with multiple levels of driving automation, aiming to improve mode awareness and overall safety.
期刊介绍:
Applied Ergonomics is aimed at ergonomists and all those interested in applying ergonomics/human factors in the design, planning and management of technical and social systems at work or leisure. Readership is truly international with subscribers in over 50 countries. Professionals for whom Applied Ergonomics is of interest include: ergonomists, designers, industrial engineers, health and safety specialists, systems engineers, design engineers, organizational psychologists, occupational health specialists and human-computer interaction specialists.